Philosophy - Martin Buber Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Philosophy - Martin Buber - Essay Example For Buber, the self cannot be fully human without the co-existence of the other; both co-exist in order to achieve a synthesis of what characterizes a meaningful life; otherwise, life would be impossible. Human beings are often divided into two aspects of being: objective and subjective. The former is hardly controversial, for it depicts a person’s thoughts, feelings, and ideas just the way that person ought to speak or act. However, the latter is of great controversy when dealing with what makes us truly human; â€Å"that meeting of minds by which two selves take each others meaning with reference to the same object beheld in common† (Percy 631). Similarly, Martin Buber identifies two aspects of being: I-It and I-Thou. This was Buber’s interpretation of the human being’s two-fold attitude toward the world and others. And it is through an examination of the distinctions between these two that we unfold the meaning of Buber’s dialogical philosophy. Given this, I shall devote this essay to a discourse on the phenomenon of social relationships in the light of Martin Buber’s dialogical philosophy. I will investigate the relationship between the s elf or the â€Å"I,† and the other or the â€Å"It,† as espoused by Buber in his work, I and Thou. Moreover, I shall emphasize the importance of intersubjectivity in Buber’s philosophy. Herein, I shall argue that in order for self-realization to take place, that is, in order to be truly human, an intersubjective relationship between I-It and I-Thou should co-exist. Thus, self-realization cannot be achieved in a vacuum or in a state of pure isolation but through intersubjective social interaction. The self needs others in order to satisfy his needs, goals, and ideals. Without others, the self cannot exist at all. Furthermore, the self can only gain an enhanced mode of self-expansion through his relationship with the other. Buber surmised

The Great African Americans Migration 1910 to 1920s Essay Example for Free

The Great African Americans Migration 1910 to 1920s Essay By the turn of the nineteenth century, the number of African Americans living in the living in the United States was approximated at almost nine million. Of the estimated figures, ninety percent of the African Americans lived in the South where they constituted almost a third of the total population of the region. Around a fifth of them were said to live in the urban areas while four out of every five African Americans lived in the rural areas. At this point, they could be said to have been very much a closed population. They had not been significantly affected by either in or out migration but this status was soon to change from around 1910 when they embarked on a South to North (and West) migration, starting with a very slow place but steadily gaining speed as the years advanced 5. During the years of the First World War, the out- migration of African Americans from the South became increasingly apparent. Between 1910 and 1920, more than 800, 000 African Americans living on the South migrated to the north. This pace of outward migration was to slow down but still continue way into the 1930s and 1940s. Thus in a span of just three decades, from the 1910s to the 1930s, an estimated 1. 8 million African Americans living in the south migrated from the region to other areas. However, the South is said to have retained a sizable percentage of its native population of African Americans as almost eight out of ten African Americans still remained southerners by place of residence. All in all, the percentage of African Americans occupying the southern states and the entire region began to shrink steadily. This decline was estimated to be from thirty percent to twenty-four percent within a span of forty years (1910-1940). The individual states which suffered the biggest decline in African American population percentages were Florida, South Carolina, Georgia and Virginia. Those which registered the least number of declines were Mississippi and Alabama 5. Thus the closed African American population became more open with the out migrations towards the North and West. By the 1940s, the South had lost around 1. 5 million of African Americanss inhabiting the region; one of the most significant net migrations ever 5. This movement of African Americanss to the north from the 1910s to around the 1920s and 30s has been referred to as the Great African Americans migration. Most of the African Americans who were looking for a way to improve their life moved to the cities in the Northern states as well as the West. The migration patterns created by these movements were highly complex. Some of the rural southerners did not move to the North but looked for greater opportunities within the Southern region’s agriculture which was tenancy- dominated. Others moved to the urban regions of the South while still others migrated to the Northern states such as New York, Pittsburgh, Chicago and Philadelphia so as to escape the ‘barbarism’ of the southern states. The following section analyzes the factors leading to this great migration of the African Americanss 6. CAUSES OF THE GREAT AFRICAN AMERICANS MIGRATION Social reasons In 1914, approximately 90 percent of African Americans Southerners lived in the states that had been part of the former Confederacy. These states had legalized the Jim Crow statutes which allowed for racial segregation. In the 1890s, the Supreme Court had made a series of rulings which validated these statutes, thereby leading to the ‘separate but equal’ doctrine of 1896 by Plessy v. Ferguson which in effect, legalized segregation in the United States 3. Segregation had existed before though it was not systematically applied until the late part of the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century. What brought about such systematic discrimination was the blur in the line separating the African Americans and the Whites. The Whites were particularly irked by the fact that a certain generation of African Americans who had grown up as free people were demanding respect and competing for the same jobs and public space as the Whites. The increasing African Americans’ independence made the Whites feel that the only way to put African Americans’ â€Å"back in their place† was through maintaining clear racial boundaries, hence the rise of the Jim Crow laws 4. African Americans were obviously on the loosing end from the legalization of these statues. They were treated unfairly and considered inferior to the White race which made them lose their dignity. The segregation was deeply entrenched in public institutions such as schools, restaurants, hotels and even in hospitals. African Americans were not supposed to be seen in areas frequented by Whites and were restricted to the African American dominated areas. They had their own institutions such as schools and hospitals built for them but these did not match in quality to those of the Whites. As a result of this outright and dehumanizing discrimination, many of them left the South in the hope that they would find better treatment in the North 1. Other than being discriminated against and segregated by the White populace, the African Americans also experienced open hostility and violence from the Whites, often times leading to death. There were widespread beatings of African Americans and in some cases, mutilation of various forms such as castrations. African Americans were frequently attacked by White mobs and murder of African Americans became a common occurrence. With time, lynching became the preferred means of killing African Americans and a popular means of racial control. The incidences of lynching became more and more regular mostly as a result of anxieties by the Whites over changes in the political, social as well as economic landscapes. In the 1890s, approximately two African Americans were lynched per week. However, there were some Whites who did not support it though all felt that it was a necessary means of maintaining racial order 4. From 1900 to 1914 alone, more than 1000 African Americans were killed by Whites, thereby necessitating a movement to the relatively safer North 1. Political reasons for migration In 1867, African Americans people were allowed to vote but they did not really get to practice their voting rights as the White southerners devised several methods to prevent them from exercising their rights. For instance, they made it a requirement for anyone wishing to exercise his voting right to pass a test on literacy before he or she could be allowed to vote. This was targeted at disenfranchising the African Americans since many of them were illiterate as they had been given no education at all. The White southerners also introduced a poll tax which meant that those wishing to vote would have to pay money first. This was also another move to disenfranchise the African American southerners since most of them were extremely poor and therefore could not manage to pay a voting fee each time they wanted to vote. Another move taken to bar African Americans from voting was the introduction of the ‘grandfather clause’ into many constitutions of the Southern States. The grandfather clause stated that people who were allowed to vote on or before the first of January 1867, or whose father or grandfather had voting rights were not subject to the literacy test as well as poll tax payment. This clause therefore successfully barred African Americans from voting and the Whites enjoyed the voting privilege by themselves. Generally, Whites had more civil as well as legal rights compared to the African Americans and were accorded more superiority. This led the African Americans to look for other places where they could be heard 1. Economic reasons Before the period of the great African Americans migration, African Americans practiced agricultural production as their means of earning their livelihood. This agriculture was based on tenancy, where the freedmen, having no ownership of land, would rent it and work as tenants; exercising complete control over the produce of the farmlands and the profits subsequently earned. The tenancy of the land was to be renewed every year. The most prevalent form of farming however, was sharecropping. Under this practice, the owners of the land subdivided it into smaller farms of about thirty acres or so which were then allocated to single families. In return, the resident families paid the land owners through a share of the crop, usually half by half. The terms of this agreement depended on a variety of things such as whether the tenant was known or if the owner of the farm provided tools and other farming requirements to the tenant. In this manner, the African Americans returned to the fields and provided labor to the land owners 4. In the 1910s, there was a major agricultural depression due to natural occurrences and the farmers, both African Americans and white, suffered greatly. The cotton fields in particular, were invaded by the boll weevil which devoured the crop in the entire African Americans belt. Another natural phenomenon which devastated the farmlands was flooding in the south. The summer of 1915 saw massive floods which destroyed the crops in the farms and left the African Americans destitute as well as homeless 2. As a result, the prices paid for agricultural products fell and the small farms such as the ones rented to the African Americans yielded negligible profits. The African Americans therefore sank further into poverty and led a very precarious existence 1. The wages paid to the farm laborers reduced significantly and life for the African Americans was once again hard. Ironically, the North at this time, were experiencing significant increases in production and were therefore in dire need of labor. This can be attributed to the First World War which increased demand for goods produced in the North but restricted immigrations into the U. S yet it is the immigrants who provided the biggest share of labor to the Northern cities. The laborers in the North were also increasingly taking part in Union activities as they demanded for an increase in wages as well as better conditions for working. Northern industrialists therefore looked to the South for new labor supply and recruited the displaced African Americans as well as white workers into their industries. African Americans saw this as an opportunity to improve their livelihoods and migrated to the North in search of greener pastures 2. Testimonies of African Americans living in the North Appalled by the living conditions of their people in the South, African Americans living in the North especially those who owned newspapers or operated them started editorial campaigns that were aimed at convincing the African American southerners to move to the North where life would be better for them. Examples of newspapers involved in such campaigns were the Chicago defender as well as the Christian Recorder. These editorial campaigns tended to portray the North as the Biblical ‘Promised Land’ and convinced the African Americans that there they would have better opportunities. Thus due to interplay of the social political and economic reasons for migration as well as urgings from the African Americans living in the North, the African Americans left the South in their droves for real or perceived better opportunities in the North and the West 2. CONCLUSION Some of the African Americans who migrated to the North were able to find better opportunities and improve their livelihood. They were able to secure employment in the Northern industries dealing with various production processes. However, most of the migrants soon found that life in the North was not too different from life in the South. They still faced racial prejudice and were discriminated against by the Whites. Where they were employed, they were paid less than Whites employed in the same positions and most found that they were given jobs that involved manual labor. The public facilities in the North were open to both races but housing remained segregated as Whites remained unwilling to share their space with the African Americans. All in all, the great migration did manage to somewhat improve the living conditions of African Americans 2. REFERENCES 1. â€Å"At Home with Art Industry: 1890-1920: The economic, political and social reasons behind the Great Migration†. Illinois State Museum, 31 Dec 2006 http://www. museum. state. il. us/exhibits/athome/1890/TeachR/south. htm 2. Baskerville, John D. â€Å"The rural to urban African Americans â€Å"Great migration†: A brief history http://ci. coe. uni. edu/facstaff/zeitz/museum/migrate. html (accessed Feb 20, 2009) 3. Great Migration, 1910-1920, Gale Encyclopedia of U. S Economic History 01 Jan 1999 http://www. accessmylibrary. com/coms2/summary_0193-13024_ITM (accessed 20 Feb 2009) 4. Harrell, David Edwin Jr, Gaustad Edwin S. , Boles, John B. , Griffith, Sally Foreman, Miller, Randall M. , Randall B. Woods. Unto a good land: A history of the American people Volume 1: To 1900. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005 5. Harrison, Alferdteen. African Americans Exodus: The Great Migration from the American South. Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 1992. 6. Hurt, Douglas. African American Life in the Rural South, 1900-1950. Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2003

Controlling Soil Fertility Essay -- Agriculture Farming Essays

Controlling Soil Fertility Approximately 2 billion hectares of land, 17% of the total vegetated area of the earth has been degraded for agricultural purposes since 1945 (Oldeman et al., 1990). Oldeman et al. (1990) classify about half of this degraded area as still permitting agricultural use, but with greatly reduced productivity, and in the rest no agriculture is deemed possible. The causes of this degradation are overgrazing (35%), agricultural activities (28%), deforestation (30%), over exploitation (7%) and industrialization (1%). Wind and water erosion are the principal mechanisms of this soil degradation, accounting for about 56% and 28% respectively of the total; 12% is attributable to chemical degradation (due to insufficient manure and fertilizer returned to cropped areas, salinization by unwise irrigation or drainage, soil acidification not corrected by liming, and pollution caused by industrial and other urban uses) and the remaining 4% is physical degradation from compaction or flooding. (Oldeman et al., 1990) Moreover, it has become increasingly evident that although crop yields seem to be increasing, they are increasing at a decreasing rate. Krauss and Allmaras (1982) argue that this is largely due to the fact that in many areas, poor soil management is leading to soil degradation which is ignored as long as crop yields continue to rise. Technological advances such as improved cultivation systems, irrigation and pest control mask the negative effects of poor soil management on crop yields (Krauss and Allmaras, 1982, p85). What are the factors that contribute to the suitability of a soil for agricultural purposes? To what extent can people control these factors to halt soil degradation and maintain, enha... ..., L.R., V.W.P van Engelen, and J.H.M. Pulles. 1990. The extent of human induced soil degradation. Annex 5 of World Man of the Status of Human-Induced Soil Degradation: An Explanatory Note, rev. 2nd edn., International Soil Reference and Information Center, Wageningen, Netherlands as cited by J.Schnoor and V. Thomas, 1994, Soil as a Vulnerable Environmental System pp233-44 in R. Socolow, C. Andrews, F. Berkhour and V. Thomas (eds.), Industrial Ecology and Global Change: Cambridge University Press. Robinson, C.A., R.M. Cruse, and K.A. Kohler, 1994, Soil Management, pp 109-134 in J.L. Hatfield and D.L. Karlen (eds.) Sustainable Agricultural Systems: Boca Raton, Florida, Lewis Publishers, 316pp. USGS, 1988, Essential Elements and Soil Amendments for Plants: Sources and use for agriculture: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1017, U.S. Government Printing Office, 48pp

Current Happenings In Music Piracy In Usa Essay

The ever continuing creation and circulation of new software through the Internet has pulled the courts deeper into a legal predicament. Due to this budding expertise, legal intellectuals and courts are vigorously debating the advantages of proving liable the gatekeepers who actually indulged in distribution of products that facilitate the violation of copyrights. According to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1988, a copyright owner can sue infringers for up to $ 1, 50,000 per offense. It also permitted the RIAA and other claimants to search the Internet histories of said copyright infringers through their Internet Service Providers [ISPs] even without the knowledge of concerned individuals. ISPs have vehemently opposed such intrusion, unsuccessfully and it is to be noted that the subpoenas have attracted criticism from congress as well. Punishing the real infringers is turning to be arduous task in digital copyright law. The question now arises as to who is the real infringer, whether the Internet users who actually download the copyrighted music or the gatekeeper or Internet Service Providers who facilitate such free downloading and infringement of copyright law. This question has become greater relevance as RIAA recently filed suits against some real infringers rather than on peer-to-peer [p2p] networks which had sent shockwaves through legal community. In this legal tussle, one district court actually declined to ban the provision of p2p software by Grokster, compelling the recording industry to file suit against real users of p2p software. However, the copyright owners are seriously appealing the decision made in favor of the software providers, looking for to influence the Ninth Circuit to view the software companies responsible and thereby desist the requirement to pursue individual infringers. MGM v GROKSTER Supreme Court of USA held in Metro-Goldwyn –Mayer Studios Inc. V Grokster, Ltd that one who distributes a mechanism with the intention of encouraging its use to violate copyrights, as demonstrated by clear expression or other confirmatory steps initiated to encourage infringement, is responsible for the violation of copyright by the actions of unrelated persons. The most advertised legal suits seem to be slackening traffic at music sites like Grokster, Kazaa and Morpheus which encouraged illegal file sharing. According to RIAA, at any given period, about 3 to 5. 1 million Internet users are on the Internet, downloading music through these gatekeepers and infringing copyright law. It has been estimated that sales have declined from $ 15 billion to $ 11 billion in the last four years itself. Though, the Supreme Court initiative to identify new rules for a digital age, the copious observations made by the Justices in Grokster case resulted in a gloomy standard with virtually no application outside the specific facts of that case. Delivering an undivided opinion mainly on the realities of the case, the Judges subsequently disintegrated on the relevance of law, held blurred observations without any practical means to control the ever-increasing contagion of online piracy while at the same time offering inconsistent applications of the earlier standard for gatekeeper liability in the Sony case. Thus, the court’s effort to solve the copyright infringement problem runs the peril of trespassing the judicial branch’s authority by shaping a lawmaking strategy issue better decided by the authority of Congress. Metro-Goldwyn –Mayer Studios [MGM] filed a suit in the fall of 2000 against StreamCast Networks and Grokster contending that the defendants wittingly and knowingly distributed their software so as to facilitate the users to reproduce and circulate copyrighted products infringing the Copyright Act. Further, MGM alleged that software offered by these two companies acted no major noninfringing intention. The software facilitated the neitzens through he use of p2p [peer-to-peer] networks, to connect with the other users and download both the noncopyrighted and copyrighted video and music. In their lawsuit, MGM not only claimed damages for the loss arising out of infringement of copyrighted products which was indulged by neitizens but also preyed for an injunction to stop the continued distribution of the software. Many of the facts offered in the case were acknowledged by either party. At the first instance, the neitizens were freely transferring music files that have copyrights which were freely accessible due to availability of software. Secondly, neitizens who were downloading the copyrighted video and music were indulged in illegitimate actions in contravention of the Copyright Act. Respondent’s argued that, under the principle followed by the Court in Sony case, the product was ‘capable of major nonifnringing use. ’ The Court rather relied its decision on the distributors’ lack of real knowledge about particular actions of violation and the product’s potentiality of major legitimate usage. On appeal, the decision of the District Court was confirmed by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit which based its decision on the footing that a defendant was accountable for causative violation only when they had acquaintance of the infringement committed by neitizens and materially responsible for the infringement. The Ninth Circuit viewed that the software was capable of major non-infringing applications and opined that liability under the Sony principle did not occur in this case. Further, the companies were decided not to be liable for the acts of their users due to the decentralized configuration of the software. As such, the Ninth Court observed that StramCast and Grokster did not materially responsible for the actions of their users as they played no role in the search, reclamation, or storage of infringing files. According the Ninth Court, the only role played by StreamCast and Grokster was the provision of free software while the infringement was committed by the users. Aggrieved by the decision of the Ninth Court , MGM appealed to Supreme Court thereby presenting a novel legal issue to the Court: to decide ‘under what scenario , the distributor of a product competent of both lawful and unlawful usage is responsible for the actions of violation of copyright by unrelated persons exploiting the product’. The opinion of the court was authored by the Justice Souter which described that,† one who distributes a mechanism with the intention of encouraging its usage to violate copyright, as demonstrated by apparent expression or other positive steps pursued to promote contravention, is responsible for the consequential actions of violations by unrelated users. â€Å" The Supreme Court thus viewed that both the District Court and the Ninth Circuit court had bungled the Supreme Court’s verdict on Sony’s case. Thus, the lower Courts had erroneously established that a producer cannot be held contributorily responsible for the infringing exploitation of a product. Further, the Court was of the view that a lack of precise awareness of infringement and failure to act upon that lack of familiarity did not block the application of other theories of secondary liability. Justice Souter observed that under Sony, distributors or gatekeepers may not be held responsible under the hypothesis of contributory liability where the neitizens are acting upon their own will or wish. Moreover, Sony did not foreclose other avenues to liability in situations such as were presented by Stream Cast and Grokster. Justice Souter further opined that nothing in Sony case demands courts to disregard proof of objective to encourage infringement, if such evidence presents. Contrary to the views of the lower courts, Sony was not meant, to exclude principles of fault-based liability that emanate under general law. Thus, Justice Souter relied upon this finding and viewed that the Sony rule as regards to third-party accountability would not relate where evidence goes beyond a product’s features or the awareness that a product may be put to infringing applications, and instead demonstrates actions or statements directed to encourage infringement. Supreme Court held that both of the parties were not correct in their pleadings applying the Sony test to the facts of the present case. Justice Souter held that the appropriate legal principle on which rule is not the contributory liability of StreamCast and Grokster under Sony, but rather under common-law principle of ‘inducement’ infringement. The presence of evidence substantiating a meaningful inducement on the part of a gatekeeper who will trounce the unwillingness of the courts to charge a third party liable where the defendant distributes a product suitable for some noninfringing, lawful application. In this case, according to Justice Souter, there were three features of the evidence in the trial documents revealed that the respondents provoked the infringement of copyrights and acted with an unlawful intent which includes the following; ? Encouraging the illicit use of their programs through their marketing activities. ? Failure on the part of defendants to make efforts to restrain the illegal use of the products ;and ? Deriving substantial profit due to the illegal activities by users of the programs. As regard to the each of the above features, the Court observed particular qualities of the distributors especially noteworthy. Further, in this case, both the defendant companies demonstrated a longing to satisfy the demand for illegal downloading of copy righted products by explicitly endeavoring to appeal to previous users of Napster. Further, neither of the respondents installed or tried to offer any filter so as to desist the infringing activities pursued by the users of their product. According to Court, this clearly demonstrated that the respondents’ wish to help its users’ infringement. Further, the revenue, the respondents derived from selling advertising space illustrated that the respondents had a wish to augment the infringing use of their products. Hence, the Court scrutinized the totality of the scenario, observing the record in the pretext of all the evidences offered and granting no single element more weight than the others. According to Justice Souter, the intention of the case, was harmonizing the value of copy-righted creative pursuits and the value of novelty in communications and technology. Further, if much emphasis is given to safeguarding the rights of the copyright holders, then it may result in impediment in the growth of new technology. However, if more emphasis is given on permitting the free development of new products without fear of liability, the less safeguard the courts offer to the owners’ of copyrights. In this case, Justice Ginsburg made a concurring opinion. While she concurred with the holding of the case as regards to third-party liability on the theory of encouraging infringement , but had given her opinion separately on the applicability of Sony’s doctrine to the existing case. Justice Ginsburg maintained that, even under the stand laid own in Sony, there is ‘at least an ‘a real issue as to material fact and on the liability of StreamCast and Grokster, on a theory of contributory infringement. With the both defendants, there remained a substantial question as to whether the free software is capable of major noninfringing use. However, there existed only generalized or anecdotal evidence as regards to potential noninfringing application of the software. Due to this fact, the lower court were unable to conclude whether, at the time of summary judgment, the free software were capable of a major noninfringing application. According to Justice Ginsberg, the test requiring that a product be ‘capable’ of major noninfringing application necessarily involves that real noninfringing application must be demonstrated. Hence, she concluded that, if the case is not decided on remand by summary judgment in favor of MGM on the ground of encouraging infringement by StreamCast and Grokster, she would have the lower court might have annulled the summary judgment in favour of StreamCast and Grokster relying that it does not conform to the demand set off by the Court in Sony case. Though, the Supreme Court verdict is unanimous, the contradictory relevance of the Sony test and the distinctive circumstances of this particular case, manifest anything but cohesions, thereby resulting copyright owners and developers uncertain of the Court’s likely action of future cases. However, Supreme Court verdict in Grokster case was termed as a major victory for copyright holders. However, the darker side of Grokster case is that analogues cases may be filed in the lower appellate courts before the Supreme Court finalizes a contemptuous decision in the sphere of vicarious liability for third-party users. The decision in the Grokster case raises many issues like resolution of many controversial cyber law issues, the impact the decision will have on modern technology, the impact on copyright safeguard measures and the part of the judiciary in shaping the laws of cyber law. However, in Grokster case, Supreme Court did nothing to resolve the question of liability in scenarios where inducement on the part of the distributor is in existence. It is to be noted that there existed striking differences between Napster case and Grokster case. In Napster case, it was clearly established that Napster did encouraged infringement. But in Grokster case, there existed a different set of facts is tenuous at best. It is to be noted during the oral arguments in the Grokster case , Justices Scalia and Breyer deliberated the question of how the Court’s ruling would impact the inventor in his garage who does not yet aware the impacts of his technology. For instance, the inventor of a photocopier offers instruction on the operation of the machine, including instructions on how to make photocopies from the machine. At this juncture, the inventor has encouraged the users to infringe copyright by offering the mechanism, not closely monitoring the users and rather educating them on the tools of infringement. The solution to this problem remains unanswered with the Supreme Court’s ruling in Grokster. It is to be noted that Grokster case has not advanced any solution to the issue but rather made it more complex. In Grokster case, three justices, led by Justice Breyer, stating that summary judgment under Sony was rather correct whereas other three justices concurring with the Justice Souter that a discussion of the Sony standard is not required to the holding of the case. As a result, a legal quandary was rather emanated where the lower courts are left with little settled law and perhaps even more uncertainty than previously subsisted.

The Great Depression 1929-33: A Sources Assignment

Question 1: Source A is an election poster published by the Democratic Party during the Depression. It is a cynical portrayal, mocking the Republican Party's beliefs. It implies that their policies have no foundations by telling people to smile and hope the Depression will go away, ‘This wonderful little gadget will solve the problems of the Nation'. It also says ‘WARNING – Do not risk Federal arrest by looking glum'. This is a subtle, sardonic reference to the Bonus Marchers, who had fought in the First World War and who, in May 1932 marched to demand immediate payment of the bonus they had been promised by the government. The quote from the poster refers to the way the government put down the protesters by arresting people and using violence. This poster gives us evidence about the beliefs of the Democratic Party and the methods employed by it to gain support. However, as the poster is a piece of propaganda and aims to persuade people to support their party it is biased and opinionated. This means that it may be over exaggerated for effect and comedy value. The truth may have been stretched to make a joke of it and win people's support. I do not agree that this poster (source A) does not give any evidence about the Great Depression. It may not be reliable evidence but it does have some historical value. It presents evidence about the ‘Bonus Army', the views of the Republican and Democratic Parties and the methods used by the Democratic Party to gain support. Question 2: Source B was written at the time of the Depression by an American actor, Will Rogers. It is quite accurate about what was happening, he says ‘We are starving to death', which was actually happening at this time. It is a primary source, written by someone with direct experience of the Depression but it cannot be completely reliable as although it is stated as fact it is actually opinion. This makes it less reliable as the author of the source may be biased or not know all of the facts. This source is particularly unreliable as an actor who may have over exaggerated to produce an effect wrote it. Source C is a statement written by D.B. O'Callagham, author of ‘Roosevelt and the United States'. It was written in 18966, over thirty years after the Depression. This source comments less on the impact of the Depression than Source B. It talks more about the Wall Street Crash and is based more on facts than opinion. It uses other sources as evidence to support the facts, ‘Economical experts have said†¦' and although it is a secondary source it seems quite accurate. The fact that it was written after the Depression gives it the advantage of hindsight but means it may be less accurate. Overall I think Source C is more reliable as evidence about the impact of the Depression because it is more factual then Source B. The author of the book would have tried to make it as accurate as possible and backs up his argument with evidence. Question 3 Source D is an artist's view of the Wall Street Crash. This tells us that it is not factual as it is a painting based on the artist's opinion and the artist is probably trying to put across his own point of view. It was created in October 1929 (at the time of the Wall Street crash) and was probably painted by someone with direct experience of the Crash. However it is quite an abstract painting, which different people may interpret in different ways. Source E is a set of statistics showing the changes in the price of shares of leading US companies between September and November 1929. They seem to be quite accurate as to the general change in prices but they are ‘from official figures' which means their accuracy depends on the accuracy of the figures from which they are compiled. These figures could have been adjusted to support an argument, and they lack detail that may improve their reliability. I think that Source E is more useful to a historian studying the Wall Street Crash because the statistics are more factual. There is very little factual information supplied by Source D and its usefulness could depend on the historian's interpretation of the painting. However the statistics although not completely sound are more reliable and useful as evidence because they are factual. Question 4 Source E is from a popular song of 1932. It tells of how the protagonist thought he was ‘building a dream' on the way to ‘peace and glory' for his country but he is now standing in the bread line. This is a typical story of what happened to many working-class men during the Depression. They spent their lives working hard for a better life but the suffered worst during a Depression that was not their fault. This makes the song seem accurate as this actually happened to many people. However the song may have been changed or simplified to fit a certain rhythm or rhyme and the songwriter probably had a personal point, which he wished to put across. I think that it does give an accurate interpretation of most people's attitudes towards the Depression. Not all people would have agreed with this interpretation because they were not affected in this way. This was mainly rich people and people who had been lucky enough to keep their jobs. However I think that it does give an accurate interpretation of a great proportion of people. It is called a ‘popular song', this means that a lot of people must have liked the song, probably because they found it truthful as they could relate to its message and because the were comforted to find that others were in the same position as them. Question 5 Source A does not really give much of an idea as to who suffered more or less during the Recession. It is an election poster aimed to appeal to all people who had suffered under the Depression. Source B says that the working classes were not to blame for the Depression and that it was the rich people whose fault it was. It implies that the poor suffered more because although they were not to blame they felt the effects of it worst. Source C tells us that not enough money was ‘finding its way into the hands of the workers' in the prosperity of the twenties. This shows that the workers did not enjoy much of the wealth of this decade and as a result of this they suffered worse in the Depression because the little they had, they lost. Source D does not tell us anything about the poorer people as it does not distinguish between the rich and the poor. Source E also does not give much of idea about the suffering of the poor, as statistics do not go into enough detail to tell us this. Source F probably says the most about poor people. The person who wrote the song tells us about waiting in line for bread and begging for money. I do not think that the poor suffered most as a result of the Great Depression because the people who were already poor did not have much to loose. If they were very poor before the Depression, the Depression had little or no effect on them. I think that the people who suffered the most were the working classes who had worked hard all their lives and earned their money. They lost the most during the Wall Street Crash, because the Rich did not loose enough to affect them and the poor lost nothing at all. Therefore I think that it was not the poor but the working classes who suffered the most because they lost what they had worked their whole lives for.

Overview of Management

Overview of Management Free Online Research Papers The primary functions of management consist of four functions, which pertain to the planning and strategizing, organizing, controlling, and leading. â€Å"The four management functions should be closely linked. For instance, the control system should warn the organization that its plans and strategies are not working and need to be reconsidered† (Gomez- Mejia-Balkin, 2002, p. 5). Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) was established in 1998. Kudler Fine Foods is in three different areas in California. The first store opened in La Jolla, the second store is located in Del Mar and the third is in Encinitas both of the areas are in California. Kathy Kudler is the president and founder of the company in which she has manually managed the company. The store managers will have responsible duties such as supervising employees, managing the store within the budget and operating guidelines, plans and prepare a work schedule for employees, formulates pricing policies on the merchandise, prepares sale promotions and directs workers with the merchandise displays and advertisements. Store managers will take care of the inventories, reconciling cash with sales receipts, prepare record of transactions, answer customer complaints, and lock and secure the store. The director of finance and accounting will develop and implement goals that relate to the financial management, budget, accounting, and payroll. He or she will also supervise in preparations of the financial statements, maintain accurate records, prepare statements and reports of the estimated future costs, manage the financial institutions relationships with lenders and review the financial statements with the management. The director of store operations will manage the operations of the three stores, which consist of supervising the managers of purchasing and inventory. Director of operations will be responsible for the safety of the store, facilitate maintenance, security and the compliance with the state and federal regulations. The director of administration and human resources will develop policies, direct, and coordinate human resource activities. The director of administration and human resources will supervise in developing training, recruit employees, analyzes the wage and salary reports. Technology and the Internet The Technology and the Internet has become advanced over the years and has now become a place for companies to endorse and sell their merchandises, goods and services to a larger amount of customers than by the traditional advertisement in which this will involve networking. â€Å"Networking is the ability to build and sustain a personal network that can enable you to reach your professional goals† (Gomez-Mejia-Balkin, 2002, p. 7). Kudler Fine Foods is no different than any other company. Kudler has developed a website or network to inform new and present customers about Kudler’s’ goods and services. Because there are other companies which are on the Internet that sell goods similar to Kudler, the company’s website must use detailed graphics to set the company enthusiastically different from the companys competition. Cite Examples of the Five Forces The company carefully plans the operations and order product when the company believes the sales will become the highest. When the sales fall the company will do promotional activity. According to Kudler the company currently does not have any competition; another gourmet shop could open in our geographic area. If we offer fresh and healthy products at a reasonable price, hopefully we can keep competitors from entering the marketplace. Because customers expect a high-quality product, Kathy makes sure that the product is pulled from the shelf and replaced as soon as possible if the turnover rate is less than expected (Kudler, 2003). Conclusion In conclusion to the article there has been an understanding that the primary functions of the company is responsible to several departments or individuals in whom the individuals rely on one another for the company to be successful, expand, and to grow. The company is willing to keep their customers satisfied. For the company to grow and succeed the company uses the Internet to help in providing for their customers and to advertise. References Gomez- Mejia-Balkin, (2002). Management (2nd ed.). Retrieved from Kudler, (2003). Strategic Plan. Kudler Fine Foods. Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/Kudler/Admin/StrategicPlan2003. Research Papers on Overview of ManagementThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAWBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalLifes What IfsDefinition of Export Quotas

Free Essays on Coat Of Arms Outline

I. In the fifth century shields were not only for protecting a knight in battle, but to show the codes of chivalry and loyalty to their lords. This was found on the shield itself. This was also called a coat of arms. Also, soldiers used these to identify friend from foe on the battlefield because it was nearly impossible to identify people in there always-alike armor. II. Some coats of arms have five sections and some have four quarters. Mine coat of arms has four. 1. The First Quarter a. A cross i. Represents my religion. ii. I am a catholic by birth. 2. The Second Quarter a. A house i. Represents my family. ii. We spend a lot of time in our house. 3. The Third Quarter a. A cap and tassel i. Represents my education. ii. Not only in school and academics but also everything that I have learned in my life. 4. The Fourth Quarter a. Balls of sports i. Represents sports ii. I enjoy playing sports and they consume a good amount of my life. 5. My Motto a. Get up and get it. i. Represents that you can achieve nothing without applying our talents. III. Everything in my coat of arms represents me and shows how I am my own individual. There are no two people alike because we all have been through different lives and different situations. My coat of arms would look like this if I have live in king Arthur’s time.... Free Essays on Coat Of Arms Outline Free Essays on Coat Of Arms Outline I. In the fifth century shields were not only for protecting a knight in battle, but to show the codes of chivalry and loyalty to their lords. This was found on the shield itself. This was also called a coat of arms. Also, soldiers used these to identify friend from foe on the battlefield because it was nearly impossible to identify people in there always-alike armor. II. Some coats of arms have five sections and some have four quarters. Mine coat of arms has four. 1. The First Quarter a. A cross i. Represents my religion. ii. I am a catholic by birth. 2. The Second Quarter a. A house i. Represents my family. ii. We spend a lot of time in our house. 3. The Third Quarter a. A cap and tassel i. Represents my education. ii. Not only in school and academics but also everything that I have learned in my life. 4. The Fourth Quarter a. Balls of sports i. Represents sports ii. I enjoy playing sports and they consume a good amount of my life. 5. My Motto a. Get up and get it. i. Represents that you can achieve nothing without applying our talents. III. Everything in my coat of arms represents me and shows how I am my own individual. There are no two people alike because we all have been through different lives and different situations. My coat of arms would look like this if I have live in king Arthur’s time....

Science Explains Why Rotten Eggs Float

Science Explains Why Rotten Eggs Float One of the ways to tell whether an egg is rotten or still good is to use the flotation test. To perform the test, you place the egg in a glass of water. Fresh eggs typically rest at the bottom of the glass. An egg that sinks but rests with the large end facing up may be a bit older but is still fine for cooking and eating. If the egg floats, its old and may be rotten. You can test this for yourself, although to be scientific about it, youll need to crack open the egg to observe its appearance and smell it to be certain eggs are good or bad (trust me, youll know the bad ones). Youll find the test is fairly accurate. So, you may be wondering why the bad eggs float. Why Bad Eggs Float Fresh eggs sink because the egg yolk, egg white, and gases have enough mass that the density of the egg is greater than the density of water. Density is the mass per unit of volume. Basically, a fresh egg is heavier than water. When an egg starts to go off decomposition occurs. Decomposition gives off gases. As more of the egg decomposes, more of its mass is converted to gases. A gas bubble forms inside the egg so an older egg floats on its end. However, eggs are porous, so some of the gas escapes through the eggshell and is lost to the atmosphere. Although gases are light, they do have mass and affect the density of the egg. When enough gas is lost, the density of the egg is less than that of water and the egg floats. Its a common misconception that rotten eggs float because they contain more gas. If the inside of an egg rotted and the gas couldnt escape, the mass of the egg would be unchanged. Its density would also be unchanged because the volume of an egg is constant (i.e., eggs dont expand like balloons). Changing matter from the liquid state to the gas state doesnt change the amount of mass! The gas has to leave the egg for it to float. Gas With a Rotten Egg Smell If you crack open a rotten egg, the yolk may be discolored and the white may be cloudy rather than clear. More likely, you wont notice the color because the overwhelming stink of the egg will send you off to go throw up. The smell is from the gas hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The gas is heavier than air, flammable, and toxic.   Brown Eggs vs. White Eggs You may be wondering whether it matters if you try the flotation test on brown eggs versus white eggs. The results will be the same. There is no difference between brown eggs and white eggs except for their color, assuming the chickens were fed the same grain. Chickens with white feathers and white earlobes lay white eggs. Brown or red chickens that have red earlobes lay brown eggs. The egg color is controlled by a gene for eggshell color that does not affect the thickness of the shell. There are also chicken eggs with blue shells and some with speckled shells. Again, these are simple color differences that do not affect the structure of the eggshell or the result of the flotation test. Egg Expiration Dates The expiration date on a carton of eggs isnt always a good indicator of whether or not the eggs are still fresh. In the United States, the USDA requires egg expiration dates be no longer than 30 days from the packing date. Unrefrigerated eggs may not make it the full month before going off. Refrigerated eggs are more likely to dry up than go bad. The pores of egg shells are small enough bacteria arent going to enter the egg and start reproducing. However, some eggs naturally contain a small number of bacteria, which are more likely to grow in a warmer, more favorable environment. Its worth noting the rotten egg smell isnt just from bacterial decomposition of an egg. Over time, the egg yolk and egg white become more alkaline. This occurs because eggs contain carbon dioxide in the form of carbonic acid. Carbonic acid slowly escapes the egg as carbon dioxide gas that passes through the pores in the shell. As the egg becomes more alkaline, the sulfur in the egg becomes better able to react with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulfide gas. This chemical process occurs more rapidly at room temperature than at cooler temperatures. Another Way to Tell If an Egg Is Bad If you dont have a glass of water handy, you can test an egg for freshness by holding it up to your ear, shaking it, and listening. A fresh egg shouldnt make much sound. An older egg will slosh around more because the gas pocket is larger (giving it room to move) and the egg has lost some cohesion.

Press Release Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Press Release - Essay Example e standard elements or components, to wit: â€Å"( 1) Company Letterhead, Name, Address, Phone Number, Web Address; (2) PRESS RELEASE in all caps; (3) Contact Persons Name; (4) Immediate Release or Release Date(all caps); (5) HEADLINE or TITLE in BOLD/CAPS; (6) BODY-Date/City-who, what, when, where and why; (7) Catchy Text; (8) Sum it up...; (9) Basic Font, Double Spaced, Page Numbers, and ###; and (10) Action Plan/Calendar† (Aten, n.d., par. 9). All crucial elements are easily identifiable and readily available making preparation and implementation stress-free. Since the purpose of the press release is to enhance public awareness of an organization’s product, services, or activities, the structure and presentation format needs to contain all the elements identified above. At the same time, the message must be timely, catchy, and attractive enough to encourage the potential viewers’ interests and promote commitment to one’s cause. Various organizations opt to use press releases as a tool in public relations to increase awareness of the organization’s vision, direction, or focus at some point in time: either in the introductory stage, during promotional or campaign periods, and as strategies designed to spur productivity and growth. Hollis, New York – November 11, 2010 – Good news to all commuters vying the subway area along the city of New York, a newly opened food store targeting businessmen, students, senior citizens, and various professionals from all walks of life is now the solution to your hunger pangs. Benjamin Smith, the owner and proprietor of Healthy Snacks Alternative is now open for business with several food stall along the subway. Healthy Snacks offer subway sandwiches with a variety of fillings from cold meat, tuna, vegetables, cheese, eggs and other healthy fillings one can think of – at the most affordable price and readily available for take-out or dine-in, as needed. There is an array of beverages, likewise, available on

Trokosi As Modern-Day Slavery in Africa Research Paper

Trokosi As Modern-Day Slavery in Africa - Research Paper Example he definition of slavery under the supplementary convention since the families are bound to the conviction that they are subjected to suffering from a disease and deaths until they offer the virgin girl to please the gods. On the other hand, they decide to offer the virgins for acquiring luck and fortune. In fact, there are estimates of more than five thousand trokosi slaves in Ghana, and other twenty nine thousand and thirty five thousand slaves estimated to be in other countries. Therefore, trokosi is a practice that has become a component of traditional obsession associated with gods and spirits in sacrament things and shrines priests. In Ghana, trokosi practice is originated from Ewe ethnic groups since seventieth century in Togo and Benin, whereby trokosi was considered a ritual in 1600s. In fact, they offered used offer virgin girls the war gods in order to please them and in return, they would acquire victory. Therefore, the warriors visited the religious shrine in order to of fer these girls as sacrifices while the priests of trokosi shrines had a conviction that this would communicate to the gods. Modern Trokosi Practice Trokosi in the modern day is has taken a slight which is depicted through the of story a nine-year old girl named Abla Kotor, whereby she is forced to go to southern Ghana in concurrence due to a crime that was committed by her father (Aird, 2012). Abla was born as a result of a crime committed by her father is raping his niece; thus, Abla was bound to pay for her father’s crime. In this case, she is forced to be a savant to Ewe priest in a way of appeasing the gods. Therefore, her parents decide to offer her as a slave, and she is subjected to a lot of tribulation such as physical and sexual abuse. Nevertheless, she decides to humiliate... Trokosi" As Modern-Day Slavery in Africa However, the girls are mistreated, and there are restricted to interact with others, thereby providing sex and labor to the priest. On the other hand, they are denied to access education, ample food and health services. In fact, they live in a harsh condition in a way that defines the slavery under the constitution of Ghana and slavery convention. Nevertheless, the paper will focus on exploring the issues associated to Trokosi as a modern form of slavery in Africa, whereby various issues associated with this form of slavery will be explored. The paper will also discuss effort made through reforms in order to alleviate the problem faced by these girls. Therefore, the paper will begin by discussing Trokosi practice based on the data gathered from different literatures in order to offer a basis of understanding the issue. The paper proceeds by offering relevant background information on the issue in order to facilitate the understanding the issues in a reliable way. In the next section, the paper will focus on exploring the reforms and challenges faced in the process of alleviating the problem. Moreover, the paper will focus on exploring the practice of trokosi in the Ghanaian context since it is one of the African countries severely been affected by this problem. Another form of opposition to the process eliminating trokosi practice emanates from people with the perception of the process being an attack to against their religious beliefs.

Deathography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Deathography - Essay Example The patient remained in palliative care for approximately four weeks before he passed away. It is his passing away that left a deep impression on me during my stint in palliative care and the reason fro my choice on reflecting on death and my experiences with death as a part of experiential learning that will be very useful to me in my career as nursing professional (Fowler, 2008). The significance of handling death and its implications to a nursing professional lies in the understanding that among all the health care professionals it is the professionals that are most immediate to the patients in end of life situations and can provide the care, comfort and counsel to such patients and their families (Dickinson, 2007). I had met the Catholic priest for the first time, when he was admitted into palliative care. Thoughts run through my mind, as to why this brief period of knowing and caring for the priest was to affect me so much. The most probable answer that I can find lies in the understanding of this provided by Tan et al, 200g. According to Tan et al 2006, p.17 â€Å"Nurses are at the forefront of caring for dying patients in hospices, nursing homes, acute-care hospitals, and patients’ homes† and â€Å"felt it reminded them of their own mortality, made them treasure life However, the passing away of the Catholic priest was not the first time that I was deeply affected by death. This occurred in my late teens, when my cousin, who was also my best friend and companion, passed away. This was not my first experience of death and my first brush with death did not leave me with grief and a sense of loss, as the death of my cousin did. My first experience of death in my family was the passing away of my grandmother, when I was five years old. I have hardly any memories of interaction with my grandmother, as she was quite sickly. Her passing away created no sadness in me. I cried when

DB 3 - Biology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

DB 3 - Biology - Coursework Example Medical practitioners should change the drug where minimal or no improvement is evident in a patient. This help to kill the bacteria resistant to the previous antibiotic. Improper use of a given antibiotics also contribute to resistance. Patients who stop medication after observing a slight improvement expose themselves to resistance from the diagnosed bacteria. Therefore, doctors must ensure their patients complete the dosage of a given antibiotic. In instances where the uses of antibiotics are widespread, the pathogen in question is likely to develop resistance as they mutate (CDC, 2014). Violation of antibiotic use in the above ways triggers the bacteria to develop resistance in different ways. The one sure way to tackle antibiotic resistance is to use antibiotics smartly. Smart use of antibiotic entails avoiding compromise in the use of antibiotic for treatment. There are personal interventions that one can take to avoid the spread of antibiotic resistant pathogens, key being avoiding exposure. The sign found in restrooms is important as far as antibiotic resistance is concerned. It contributes to the fight against antibiotic resistance. It significantly creates awareness. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2015. Antibiotic Resistance Questions & Answers. Web. January 30, 2015. Retrieved from

Race and ethnicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Race and ethnicity - Essay Example Another thing that became a major hindrance in the community is racial abuse. Racial abuse has resulted in diversified and serious effects on adolescents and adults. The effects of racial harassment have long-standing issues and may stretch through out the life span. Short term or long term bullying tend to have serious mental difficulties on adults. Adults who continue to bully get into serious troubles and commit crimes like, marital violence, child abuse etc. It also affects the cordial relationship between the family members and friends. Though inequalities still exists, it doesn't mean that there shouldn't be any racial and ethnical categorization. In the present world scenario utmost importance is given to human rights. Under United Nations resolution human rights to every citizen of every country should be considered as an important factor. It's every country's responsibility to protect its citizen's basic human rights. Human rights violation should be considered as a serious offence, legal and appropriate action should be taken against those who violate these rights Assessing student's abilities and disabilities is the major factor and teachers should strive to identify these issues. By identifying their strengths and weaknesses one can easily work on these issues. Self-confidence plays an important role in everyone's lives. It is the deciding factor that decides a winner and a loser. In US the Blacks are the largest immigrants. They migrated from the far lands of the black continent Africa. In the past, since these countries were not as developed as US and their socio-economic structure was on decline, many of the citizens were forced to work as slaves and have to migrate to US. In US, Black immigrants have less education and less skill set, even among Black women also. Apart from other groups these Blacks have less human capital, so they have very less employers in their group and it is indirectly affecting their economic status and social environment also. Gender inequality was always prevailed among the Blacks. Since they were not the major community and further more they were immigrants, they had to face the brunt of racial abuse. One of the reasons of racial abuse was, fear among the US citizens was losing the jobs to these immigrants. Since the Blacks were ready to work for fewer wages there always lies the danger of losing jobs. Most of the Blacks were more or less unskilled or semi-skilled. This makes them of losing jobs very often. This brings more responsibilities on average Black women. Now she has to work outside to meet the daily requirements and look after the family. Bullying and racial harassment were the most dreaded things that most of the blacks and their children experienced in the pre and post civil war. The major reasons to start bullying and racial abusing depends on the characters surrounding the respective environment (like parents, neighbors, etc.,), children will face the immediate effect since they are the immediate guardians to the children, if not this parents or teachers at school whoever are close to the children with respect to time get to influence them. Human beings develop or grow by observing the surroundings and so they are called as social animals. The madness of depression is the antithesis of violence. It is a storm indeed, but a storm of murk. Soon evident are the slowed-down responses, near paralysis, psychic energy throttled

DB 3 - Biology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

DB 3 - Biology - Coursework Example Medical practitioners should change the drug where minimal or no improvement is evident in a patient. This help to kill the bacteria resistant to the previous antibiotic. Improper use of a given antibiotics also contribute to resistance. Patients who stop medication after observing a slight improvement expose themselves to resistance from the diagnosed bacteria. Therefore, doctors must ensure their patients complete the dosage of a given antibiotic. In instances where the uses of antibiotics are widespread, the pathogen in question is likely to develop resistance as they mutate (CDC, 2014). Violation of antibiotic use in the above ways triggers the bacteria to develop resistance in different ways. The one sure way to tackle antibiotic resistance is to use antibiotics smartly. Smart use of antibiotic entails avoiding compromise in the use of antibiotic for treatment. There are personal interventions that one can take to avoid the spread of antibiotic resistant pathogens, key being avoiding exposure. The sign found in restrooms is important as far as antibiotic resistance is concerned. It contributes to the fight against antibiotic resistance. It significantly creates awareness. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2015. Antibiotic Resistance Questions & Answers. Web. January 30, 2015. Retrieved from

Summary what you have learned from the lectures Essay

Summary what you have learned from the lectures - Essay Example For employees, good job performance is more about utilizing functions that encourage the contributions of workers, thus making them feel motivated to work harder on the company’s behalf. Organizations can take advantage of rewards and pay hikes to inspire workers to do their best. Moreover, good leaders are also needed to find ways of communicating appreciation effectively to the workforce. Where organizations are concerned, good leaders will encourage the creation of a corporate culture that supports the realization of organizational objectives. Bad leadership will undermine the corporate culture and enable workers to develop unconstructive attitudes towards their responsibilities and the company in general. Bad leaders are also unable to communicate clearly with their employees. For workers, good leadership is more tied to the general treatment of employees. Good leaders are aggressive and firm while also being cooperative with their personnel. This will allow for them to be able to remain faithful to attaining organizational objectives while also giving room for workers to perform their different tasks in the ways that they deem fit. Good leaders also base promotions on principled workers and do not favor some over others. Organizations with good leaders will have a good corporate culture, a high morale, and be able to enjoy a sustainable long-term success. Creating an organizational culture that is supported by intrinsically motivated workers is critical to the success of every business. For most employees, motivation is an indication of the creativity and commitment that the workforce bears towards organizational functions. Employee motivation and job satisfaction are two connected aspects that contribute to the realization of company objectives. Moreover, most employees tend to compare their existing work conditions with their desired conditions to establish the levels of their satisfaction. While companies cannot meet all the goals of their workfo rce, it is important to identify the underlying factors that are associated with employee motivation in their particular business and learn how to employ them. This will inspire organizational commitment from any company’s workers. Organizational commitment involves a worker’s feeling of responsibility towards helping a company to achieve its goals. Organizational commitment deals with the emotional reactions of employees towards their responsibilities. To inspire organizational commitment, it is vital for a good corporate culture that makes workers feel like they belong to a second family to be developed. This will then spur the involvement of workers on an individual basis. Organizational commitment will not only improve production thereby improving profits, but will also result in lesser instances of absenteeism. Management structures can also be used to generate cooperation between workers, which then results in organizational commitment (Robbins, 509). While it is common for people to claim that workers prefer management structures rather than hierarchical structures in organizations, this is not always true. Organizations today have to strike a balance between bureaucratic models and flat organizational structures. People often imagine that equality among different ranks of workers is a natural state that need not be managed. However, this is not true. It is often difficult, particularly in organizations that embrace ‘

Coursework on sociology Essay Example for Free

Coursework on sociology Essay To be a non-traditional student is not at all an easy decision I made. Having my own family who needs my full time and attention is the biggest consideration I had when I decided to take on-line course. However, my family is also the best encouragement and inspiration I had. The world is taking its fast pace towards globalization and everyone must be able to cope up. The computerization of almost everything requires that everyone must conform to the speed of economic changes. In this world where education is a key to success and progress, everyone must avail of education by any means available. I believe that the best thing I can do is to avail of education while still having time with my family is to take online courses. The decision will affect my social life and the financial status of my family since I will have to allocate time and finances with my studies. The hours I am spending before in personally doing the household chores will now be partly consumed by my studies. The few I hours I am spending before in visiting my friends next door will now be lessened in have time for my studies. (Kindly use the remaining required words in answering the question whether you are studying a technical field) In the absence of on line courses, I may consider having evening or weekend classes. However, evenings are my only time to help my kids in their home works. I do not want to sacrifice weekends either because I strictly set these days as family and church days. So the best thing for me is to choose timeslots that will best fit school hours when my children are in school which online courses offered. Question 2 English is undoubtedly the world’s widely accepted language as it is the required language for everyone to communicate globally. It is therefore important that everyone be able to have the opportunity to learn Standard English in order to cope up with the fast changing world especially that the world is pushing through globalization. I believe that even the students in the rural areas can compete globally. However, it is impossible for them to do it if they cannot meet the standards of the global arena expressed in Standard English. I believe that with this need, a child needs to learn English even before he go to a formal school. This does not however mean that local dialects are to be set aside and be forgotten. While English has been set as the official language of Kentucky in 1984, I believe that their local dialects as well as that of African-American who speak Ebonics must still be practiced. â€Å"Teachers should be given every possible tool to reach our children† (L. L. Rush). Even in school premises, it is important that students be able to freely express themselves which can only be possible when they speak in their dialects. But in order for them to cope up with the global standard, they are to strive hard in learning Standard English. Even the government of Kentucky is doing steps in order to assure that the students get the minimum skills required in English and Mathematics (V. Honawar). China, being the host in the 2008 Olympics is requiring its people to learn English in preparation of the event. The best way to learn is to practice and that is what every child in Kentucky and the rest of the world must do. This way, their confidence in facing the world will be better build up which will be their instrument in achieving success whether educational or economic success. Question 3 Robert William’s list of values have been created in 1970, that was more than three decades ago. The world has changed a lot, and so are the American’s perspectives, priorities and moral standards. As a contemporary American, morality and family are the values that are of the highest importance to me. With the fast changing world, I value education in order for me to cope up with the success and progress of the world. In order for me to do this, I need to avail of the freedom and equality that the American government offers. All of my current efforts are for my family and I owe all of what I have now from God. With reference to William’s list, I think that the importance of protecting the family is the value that he had missed. As I browsed on the websites providing lists and information on the American values, I was impressed with the survey results made by the Roper Poll Corporation revealing that protecting the family is the first in the list of values that Americans consider as important. The other values in William’s list still appear to be the same important values for Americans although there is a noticeable change in their sequence. I believe that because America has already been progressive, the value of success, achievement and progress are no longer on top of the list. Most of the websites I browsed agreed on the order of the values but are contrary to William’s list in the sense that family is not included in the latter’s list. Also, achievement and success are no longer on top of the values prioritized by modern Americans. I believe that my list of values will differ with that of the other students in a way that family and morality, including faith are on top of my list. I am assuming that majority of the students will conform with the latest survey of which family is on top but religiosity and morality at the 8th and 9th spots out of ten values. WORKS CITED Crawford, James. â€Å"Issues in U. S. Language Policy†. Retrieved on June 23, 207 from http://ourworld. compuserve. com/homepages/JWCRAWFORD/langleg. htm Grass, Gunter. â€Å"The US Betrays its Core Values†. The Los Angeles Times. April 07, 2003. Retrieved on June 23, 2007 from http://www. commondreams. org/views03/0407-05. htm Grouling, Thomas E. â€Å"American Values†. â€Å"Common Questions: Uniquely American Questions†. Retrieved on June 23, 2004 from http://www. americanhospitals. com/questions/american/amervalues. htm 06/23/07 Honawar, Vaishali. â€Å"Kentucky Seeks to Improve College Readiness†. Retrieved on June 23, 2007 from http://www. edweek. org/ew/articles/2004/11/17/12ky. h24. html Rush, Ladonna Lewis. â€Å"The Ebonics Debate†. Retrieved on June 23, 2007 from http://www. princeton. edu/~browning/news/rush. html The American Demographic Magazine. October 2000 issue â€Å"American Values: Overview†. Retrieved on June 22, 2007 from http://www. orednet. org/~jflory/205/day_val_overview. htm

Effects of Back Massage on Chemotherapy-related Fatigue

Effects of Back Massage on Chemotherapy-related Fatigue Shahida Abbasi This paper is aimed to critique on a quantitative research article. â€Å"Effects of back massage on chemotherapy-related fatigue and anxiety: Supportive care and therapeutic touch in cancer nursing† Written by Karagozoglu and Kahve (2013) as part of my assignment. The Problem The problem is significant to nursing as noted by Karagozoglu and Kahve (2013) that nurses are directly involved to provide care and deal with patients receiving chemotherapy and their experienced side effects. It is also mentioned that problem is significance to nursing, as nursing interventions intend to improve quality of life by reducing the stress level of the patient with cancer. Moreover, the purpose of conducting quasi experimental and cross sectional study research was to determine the effectiveness of back massage, a nursing intervention, on fatigue process which develops due to chemo therapy. Furthermore, on the anxiety level which develops, and has been explained explicitly. In my point of view this study can accomplish its purpose as Burns and Grove (2011) mentioned that effects of independent variables on dependent variable can be determined through quasi experimental studies. In addition, quasi experimental; a quantitative approach study design is best fit to determine the effectiveness of back message. In the article research variables back massage independent variable and fatigue as dependent variable has been explained with literature support, whereas I feel the dependent variable anxiety need more elaboration. The investigators promptly introduced the problem statement at the end of the introduction. In my point of view the answer to the problem provide insight into current issues in nursing practice because there was no study found which determine the effects of back massage in decreasing fatigue and anxiety of chemotherapy patients. In addition, the investigators has stated the assumptions very clearly that â€Å"back massage providing during chemotherapy reduces fatigue and anxiety† Moreover, limitations are not listed explicitly but reader can infer easily as evident by this statement, small sample size was used therefore, the findings of the study could not be generalized. The limitations of quasi study design are as mentioned in Polit and Beck (2012) noted that in interventional study participants show reluctance to be selected through randomization. Thus these assumptions and limitations are realistic. Review of the Literature The literature reviewed by the researchers is comprehensive, critical, and logical. Moreover, the literature was published during the period 1988- 2013 and most of them were not recent but relevant to the problem. The relationship to the research purpose is evident by the literature review. In addition to that the researchers included 21 recent research studies and of these three studies published in 2013 were also used. The investigators paraphrased the reviewed adequately did not use any quotation. The researchers made a case logically for conducting a new study based on the review Protection of Human Rights This study was designed to minimize risk and maximize benefits to participants. Moreover, the researchers indicated very explicitly that participants gave voluntary, verbal and written informed consent and no evidence of coercion was found. However, it is not evident in study that participants were invited to consent during periods of high stress. There is no evidence in the study that individuals can be identified and linked to study. The researchers very clearly mentioned that approval to conduct the study has been taken from an independent ethics committee of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine. Theoretical / Conceptual Framework The researchers did not describe any theory or framework to guide their study. Coughlan, Cronin and Ryan (2007) noted that theoretical frameworks tend to be better developed in experimental and quasi-experimental studies. Burn and Grove (2011) noted that a well-developed quantitative study is based on clearly stated framework and quality of frame work needs to be evaluated for practicality. However, in this study the absence of theory or frame work did not detract the researchers from the significance of the research. Hypothesis The investigators formally stated hypotheses. It is appropriate to have the hypothesis in quantitative study as the investigators were interested to test the effectiveness of back massage. Burns and Grove (2011, p.167) stated that this type of researches are required to have hypothesis in order to predict outcome. Moreover, hypotheses are naturally derived from the research problem and transform the problem into predictable results. In this study hypotheses contain two dependent and independent variables. Furthermore, the investigators stated hypotheses clearly and objectively and the prediction is evident. It is very obvious that these predictions are supported by the literature. Sampling The target population carefully described by the researchers i-e patients who at least underwent for chemotherapy. The target population was appropriate according to the study problem and desirability. However, resource limitations are not mentioned in the study. The investigators described sample selection procedures by giving strict eligibility criteria. However, it would be better if they had clearly mentioned the type of sampling procedure used. Moreover, the sampling method fits with the research design and level of inquiry of study. However, the authors did not describe potential sample biases. According to Polit and Beck (2012) under representation of the sample pertaining to research question should be acknowledge by the researchers. The sample is sufficiently large as Polit and Beck (2012, p.285) propose that small sample size will be adequate if researcher is certain about the strong relationship of the independent and dependent variables and it is described under the subhe ading of methods p.212.This study can be generalized on the target population and patients receive chemotherapy. The investigators have described the eligibility criteria to enroll participants on ( p.212) to ensure a representative sample. However, sampling error can be minimized by increasing the sample size. Research Design The investigators used quasi experimental and cross sectional design to determine the effects of the interventions. The design used for the level of inquiry of research question and purpose of research was appropriate as Burn and Grove (2011, P.151) mentioned that this study design is to determine the effects of back massage on independent variables. The researcher did not discussed potential effects of confounding variables and possible measures to control such effects (validity). Polit and Beck (2012) proposes selection of homogeneous sample to control confounder, however, statistical analysis can also be used for the same purpose. The researchers gave enough information based on which study can be replicated. Data Collection The instruments Personal Information Form, The State Anxiety part of Spielberger State- Trait Anxiety Inventry (STAI) Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) were used for data collection. Personal Information consists of nine questions for that detail is given under the subheading of Personal Information on p. 212. Moreover, State- Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) instruments developed by Spielberger et.al in 1964 has been used by Oner and Le Compte. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was given that shows validity and reliability. In addition, Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) developed by Mendoza et.al. (1999) which consists of 10 questions was used to assess fatigue, and the same scale was used by Cinar, Sezerli,Sarsmaz and Ments. The value of Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of the scale verifies its validity and reliability. However, rationale for the selection of instruments was not given. Instruments used in this study were congruent with research questions. Are results of these tests sufficient to indicate their use? The instruments are suitable for use with the study sample. Quantitative Analysis Determining the effectiveness of back massage is the third level of inquiry of study question, and for that quasi experimental and cross sectional study design is best fit. The investigators calculated mean and standard deviation for age. Chi-square test has been used for qualitative ordinal variables. A non-parametric Friedman test that is substitute of ANOVA has been used to analyze mean BFI score for intra group variability. Moreover, a Wilcoxon non-parametric test alternative to paired t-test was used to examine mean STAI scores of patients before, after and right after chemotherapy. Furthermore, Mann-Whitney U test was used for mean STAI and BFI score of patients before and right after chemotherapy. Despite the fact that data were normally distributed, non- parametric test have been used. The link between the analysis and findings are logical, clear, and are evident by statistical rejection of null hypothesis by P-value. The researchers did not go beyond the data during interpretation of the findings, and they presented statistical result both in the narration and in tabulated form. The investigators used inferential statistic that is enough eviden ce to establish the correctness of the statistical result as Coughlan Cronin, P., Ryan (2007) noted that statistical significance assist the investigators to rule out threat to validity. The investigator presented findings in a table which is clear, simple, and accurate. Conclusions and Recommendations Data analysis clearly explained in reference to research questions and hypotheses. Since the study sample was small, the researchers made appropriate decision; based on significant findings and did not claim for generalizations beyond the study sample or population. However, the results are applicable on our patients who are planning for chemotherapy. If we will implement this intervention to our context, then it will lead to increase comfort, decrease fatigue, and anxiety. Furthermore, there are no risks of implementing study findings mentioned explicitly or inferred. The authors also recommended that back massage during chemotherapy is effective intervention to be practiced to control the side effects especially fatigue and anxiety and this recommendation is well supported by the others studies. However, the investigators did not give recommendations for future research studies. To determine the efficacy of back massage, a nursing intervention is a unique study which is significance for nursing practice. In this study the investigators used quasi experimental and cross sectional study design. Moreover, the study purpose of the study is explicitly stated. The investigators tested hypothesis with instrument which are reliable and valid and they described the instrument very comprehensively. Moreover, sample selection was carried out on strict eligibility criteria. Study findings have been explained in narration and in table. Finally, investigators gave conclusion based on findings that back massage is effective nursing intervention to decrease the fatigue and anxiety of the patients who receive chemotherapy. The investigators also mentioned that study cannot be generalized other than target population. References Burns, N., Grove, S. K. (2012). Understanding Nursing Research: Building an Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2012). Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Coughlan, M., Cronin, P., Ryan, F. (2007). Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 1: quantitative research.British Journal of Nursing,16(11), 658-663.

The Scarlet Letter 9 :: essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, had many various turning points. The most interesting to me were the  ³scaffold scenes. ² Each had its own exciting moments. It kept the story moving. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the  ³scenes ² as major turning points.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In chronological order, the first  ³scaffold scene ² was what started the novel. The book opened right where Hester and Pearl were on the scaffold. In this scene, Hester and her baby are standing on the scaffold in front of the entire village. Everyone one is staring and whispering. She is bearing a strange symbol on her bosom. This symbol is a large letter  ³A. ² It is quite fancy. But the letter is not something to be proud of. As Hester is standing there holding her baby, Pearl, she spots a very strange man moving through the crowd of people. The man stares at her. Hester acts like she has some connection with this strange man. Hester and the man look at each other as if they have known each other before. They are more than acquaintances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This scene is a turning point because it introduces you to the scarlet letter. The letter is what the entire book revolves around. All of the events are based on the letter and what it symbolizes in the story. Hester is bearing it for the first time. The letter means adultery. The scene is also a turning point because it shows the connection with the strange man (Roger Chillingworth.) Roger Chillingworth is a new character being introduced. The hidden relationship between Hester and Chillingworth will lead to many events and turn the story in a different direction that is not just about the scarlet letter, but about Hester ¹s past.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second  ³scaffold scene ² is also a very big turning point. This is where Hester, Pearl (who has matured over the amount of time), and Dimmesdale (the village ¹s minister) are holding each other ¹s hands on the town ¹s scaffold at night with no one seeing them. Dimmesdale is the man who has had the affair with Hester. No one in the story knows this yet. As the three stand there on the scaffold, Pearl asks Dimmesdale to stand with them on the scaffold the next day in front of the village. Dimmesdale refuses to do so. He does not want anyone to know about his affair with Hester. He is trying to keep his reputation intact.

Effects of Advertising on Children Essay

Overall view on advertisingAdvertising is the communication relayed from companies to persuade an audience to purchase their products. This communication is usually through various forms of paid media — TV and radio commercials, print ads, billboards and more recently, product placement. Ads are placed where advertisers believe they will reach the largest, most relevant audience. Commercial businesses use advertising to drive the consumption of their product, while non-profit organizations may place ads to raise awareness or encourage a change in behavior or perception. Advertising is the form of communication by fresh ways that the ad-filmmakers used to encourage, persuade or entice the consumers to buy their products. If an advertisement for a product attracts the consumers, they tend to purchase it frequently or at least give it a try. If a company has to survive in this competitive world, it has to project the image of its products in such a way that, they pick up the maximum sales. Nowadays, advertising plays an important role in the society, and since children form the major parts of the target group for advertisers, many advertisements focused on children are a proof of this fact. Today, children are watching more television than years ago, and thus viewing more advertisings. Many books have been written and many studies and reports done on the effects of TV advertising on children. In this presentation, we will look at some different positive and negative effects of TV advertisement on children, and give some suggestions as a solution to lim it negative effects of advertising on children. I. Positive effects of advertising on children – Advertising makes the kids aware of the new products available in the market. It increases their knowledge about the latest innovations in the field of technology. – Alive and flashy images with short messages like a motto, and charming models stimulate children’s imagination and their intelligence. – Certain advertisements, with strong messages motivate the kids in chasing their future prospects such as becoming a doctor, scientist or an engineer. They generate the passion in children, regarding their future and makes them realize the importance of education. – Some advertisements inculcate good habits in children, as all the toothpaste companies create strong awareness regarding dental hygiene in kids. II. Negative effects of advertising on children -Children may make excessive demands on their parents for the products they see in the advertisements. At times, they cry, pinch, pull and will not keep quiet till the parents purchase the product. Some parents who cannot control their children may fall in anger with them. -Junk food advertisements influence children greatly, leading to an increased demand for junk food by children. When children watch young adults eating junk foods in the advertisements they assume that it is good for the health. They are unaware of the fact that junk food does not contain nutritional value. They may even think that by eating these junk foods they might become like the thin and fit models in the advertisements. These unhealthy eating habits lead to diseases, such as obesity, heart diseases, high-blooded pressure. It even influences the way the kids think about the actual taste of food. – Children often tend to misinterpret the messages conveyed in commercial advertisments. They end up having wrong believes about many problems. Sometimes, they imitate the acts of models in the ad-films. For example, they can try smoking, drinking wine or beer. – As more and more advertisments are becoming animated, children are unable to understand the difference between real world and fantasy. They tend to have difficulties in doing tasks such as solving puzzles and reading. III. Solutions to limit negative effects of advertising on children – Parents play a major role in this case. Parents should teach their children of how to be critical of ads and how to become less influenced by the messages in the ads. Parents need to teach their children the importance and value of money. – Parents also need to instill good habits and help children to differentiate between right and wrong – Parents should limit the time of watching television of their children and spend more time playing with them or organize more outdoor activities for them. – Solutions from government: A few countries have banned marketing and advertising targeted at children below the age of twelve. One country has banned advertising of toys before 10 p.m. as it is at this time that children are mostly awake. Previously advertisers marketed children’s products towards parents. Parents were their target audience for these products. But nowadays, marketers aim their messages directly at children. Advertisements are made specifically in such a way that they draw the attention of children. The marketing messages are aimed directly at the children. – Advertisers on the other hand, can also try to put their message across creatively and target the entire family rather than just children. With a balanced approach, the negative effects of advertising can surely be controlled. I.Overall view of advertising 1. What is the advertising? – A form of marketing. – A method of mass promotion. – Purposes of advertising: + To introduce new products + To persuade the audience to purchase the product. + To cultivate brand identity 2. How does the advertising affect to people’s mind? – By the language – By the design – By the image and music II. Positive effects of advertising on children – Making the kids aware of the new products available in the market. – Stimulating children’s imagination and their intelligence. – Generating the passion in children and making them realize the importance of education. – Inculcating good habits in children. III. Negative effects of advertising on children -Making excessive demands on their parents for the products in the advertisements. – Increasing demand for junk food in children. – Misinterpreting the messages conveyed in commercial advertisments and imitating the acts of models. – Hardly differentiating the difference between real world and fantasy in the ads. III. Solutions to limit negative effects of advertising on children – Solutions from parents: +Teaching their children of how to be critical of ads and how to become less influenced by the messages in the ads and the importance and value of money. +Instilling good habits and helping children to differentiate between right and wrong. +Limit the time of watching television of their children and spending more time being with them. – Solutions from government: + Banning marketing and advertising targeted at children (related to time and the age of children) + Asking advertisers to target their messages to the entire family rather than just children. Advertising is all around us, it is an unavoidable part of everyone’s life. Some people say that advertising is a positive part of our lives while others say it is a negative one. Discuss both views and include your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. You should write at least 250 words. Advertising is all around us, it is an unavoidable part of everyone’s life. Some people say that advertising is a positive part of our lives while others say it is a negative one. Discuss both views and include your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. You should write at least 250 words. Of Course for several reasons: firstly, it motivates the psychological point in everyone, especially women. They will run to buy this advertised product especially if it’s from cosmetic roof, just to show their beauty to men, which will lead to more offender and raped cases. Secondly, you can sit comfortably with your family and suddenly the telephone is ringing, but it’s nothing important, it’s just another company try to convince you to buy one of their products. It is a real intrusive example of advertisement. Lastly, sometimes you do not have the financial ability to buy something, but with these new methods of advertisement, you will run to buy it, which will affect your budget. On the other hand, there are some good sides to advertising. For instance, it compares the prices of many companies which benefitthe consumer. Besides, it really opens our vision to see more products which we do not knowit unless the TV or Radio advertised them. In addition to, it breaks our daily routine and allows us to see new faces and learn the language better with the help of the daily updates they deliver through advertisement. In conclusion, as we can see there are many aspects to this essay. I feel that we gain no benefits at all from advertisement, it playson minds of people buy more things that they do not need it at all. Advertisements are all around us, and they vary greatly in their attempts to attract consumers. Some ads highlight the product’s features, while other ads’ content seems to be completely unrelated to the product they’re trying to sell. It’s the latter type of ads that shoppers need to be most wary of, according to a new study. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, and George Washington University focused on two different types of advertisements. The first type of ad, called â€Å"logical persuasion,† or LP, presents facts about the product, such as, â€Å"This car gets 42 miles to the gallon.† The second type of ad is referred to as â€Å"nonrational influence† (NI) because it circumvents consumers’ conscious awareness by depicting a fun, vague or sexy scene that seems to have nothing to do with the product. In the study, researchers showed advertising images to 11 women and 13 men while recording the electrical activity in their brains using electroencephalography (EEG). Each participant viewed 24 ads that had appeared in magazines and newspapers. The ads contained either LP or NI images. LP ads showed a table of facts and figures in a cigarette ad and suggestions about selecting food for dogs on the basis of their activity level in an ad for pet food. The NI advertisements included a liquor ad featuring an image of beading water and a cigarette ad showing a woman leapfrogging over a fire hydrant that is spraying water as a man grins behind her. The researchers found that the brain regions involved in decision-making and emotional processing (including the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate regions, the amygdala, and the hippocampus) experienced significantly higher activity levels when participants looked at the LP ads. These brain regions have been shown to help inhibit a person’s response to certain stimuli, such as preventing an impulse purchase. When participants viewed the NI advertisements, however, these regions of the brain did not show activity levels that were as high as what the individuals experienced when they viewed the LP ads. â€Å"Watch your brain and watch your wallet,† study researcher Ian Cook, a professor of psychiatry at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, said in a statement. â€Å"These results suggest that the lower levels of brain activity from ads employing NI images could lead to less behavioral inhibition, which could translate to less restraint when it comes to buying products depicted in the NI advertisements.† The study is published in the current edition of the Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics.