Italian Renaissance: Earliest Form of the General

1. Italian Renaissance – earliest form of the general European Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy. 2. Jacob Birthmark – historian of art and culture, and an influential figure in the historiography of each field 3. Oligarchies – small group that ruled a city and its surrounding countryside 4. Conditioner – the mercenary soldier leaders (warlords) of the professional, military free companies contracted by the Italian city-states and the Papacy from the late middle ages and throughout the Renaissance. 5. Republic of Florence – TheRepublic of Florence, or the Florentine Republic, was a city-state that was centered on the city of Florence, located in modern Tuscany, Italy 6. Medici Family – political dynasty, banking family and later royal house that first began to gather prominence under Cosmic De' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the late 14th century. 7. Cosmic Domenici – Cosmic d id Giovanni De' Medici (27 September 1389 – 1 August 1464) was the first of the Medici political dynasty, De facto rulers of Florence 8. Lorenz Domenici – Italian statesman and De facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance 9.Duchy of Milan – constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire in northern Italy. It was created in 1395, when it included twenty-six towns and the wide rural area of the middle Pad Plain 10. Spoors family – ruling family of Renaissance Italy, based in Milan. They acquired the dukedom and Duchy of Milan from the previously ruling Viscount family 11. Republic of Venice – state originating from the city of Venice in Northeastern Italy. It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century until 1797 12. Papal States – territories in the Italian peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the Pope 13.Kingdom of the Two Sillies – largest of the Italian states before Italian unification. It was formed off union of the Spanish Bourbon Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples 14. Charles VIII – monarch of the House of Valves who ruled as King of France from 1483 to his death in 1498. He succeeded his father Louis XSL at the age of 13. 15. Giordano Savonarola – Italian Dominican friar and preacher active in Renaissance Florence, and known for his prophecies of civic glory 16. Humanism – group of philosophies and ethical perspectives which emphasize the value and agency of human beings 17.Civil Humanism – Classical republicanism is a form of republicanism developed in the Renaissance inspired by the governmental forms and writings of classical antiquity. 18. Patriarch – Retina scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists 19. Vacation – Italian author and poet, student, and correspondent of Patriarch, an important Renaissance humanist and the author of a number of notable pieces of literature. 20. L eonardo Bruin – Italian humanist, historian and statesman. He has been called the first modern historian 21.Lorenz Villa – Italian humanist, rhetorician, and educator. 2. Latin Vulgate – late 4th-century Latin translation of the Bible done by Saint Jerome. 23. Amarillo Fiction – one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance 24. Pico Della Miranda – Italian Renaissance philosopher 25. Balderdash Castigation – Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author 26. Virtue – concept theorized by Niccole ¶ Machiavelli, centered on the martial spirit and ability off population or leader 27.Johann Gutenberg – German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe 28. Quaternion – cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy are collectively referred to as the Quaternion 29. Giorgio Vassar – Italian painter, architect, writer and historian, most famous today for his Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects 30. Pope Alexander VI – head of the Catholic Church from 11 August 1492 to his death in 1503 31. Perspective – certain view one may have regarding an opinion or event 32.Chiaroscuro – use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition 33. Stylized faces – medieval faces in art–more stylized and generic 34. Suffuse – fine shading that produces soft, imperceptible transitions between colors and tones. It is used most often in connection with the work of Leonardo ad Vinci and his followers 35. Contrasts – Italian term that meaner countertops. It is used in the visual arts to describe a human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot 36.Ghetto – Italian painter and architect from Florence in the late Middle Ages 37. Brucellosis – most famous for his discovery of pe rspective and for engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also include other architectural works, sculpture, mathematics, engineering and even ship design. 38. Lorenz Gibber – Florentine Italian artist of the Early Renaissance best known as the creator of the bronze doors of the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral, called by Michelangelo the â€Å"Gates of Paradise†. 39.Denotable – early Renaissance Italian sculptor from Florence 40. Mosaic – first great painter of the Quaternion period of the Italian Renaissance 41. Sandra Poetical – Italian painter of the Early Renaissance 42. High Renaissance – the period representing the apogee of the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance 43. Aberrant – Italian architect, who introduced Renaissance architecture to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome 44. Leonardo Ad Vinci – Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematic ian, etc. 5. Machiavelli, The Prince – The Prince is a political treatise by the Italian diplomat, historian and political theorist 46. Cesar Boring – Italian conditioner, nobleman, politician, and cardinal. He was the son of Pope Alexander VI 47. Sack of Rome 1527 – military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States 48. Charles V- ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles l, of the Spanish Empire 49. Raphael – Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance 50.Michelangelo – Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer. 51 . El Greece – painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance 52. Northern Renaissance – Renaissance that occurred in European countries north of Italy 53. Christian Humanism – emphasizes the humanity of Jesus, his social teachings and his propensity to synthesize human spirituality and material ism 54. Erasmus – Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic rises, social critic, teacher, and theologian. 55. Thomas More – English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. 6. Franà §ois Rabble's – major French Renaissance writer, doctor, Renaissance humanist, monk and Greek scholar 57. Michel De Imitation – one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance, known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre 58. William Shakespeare – English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language 59. Miguel De Cervantes – Spanish novelist, poet, and alright. His magnum opus, Don Quixote, considered to be the first modern European novel 60.Flemish Style – flourished from the early 15th century until the 17th century. Flanders delivered the leading painters in Northern Europe 61 . Jan Van Check – Flemish painter active in Brumes and is generally considere d one of the most significant Northern European painters 62. Peter Brushed – Flemish Renaissance painter and printmaker known for his landscapes and peasant scenes 63. Albrecht Udder – German painter, engraver, printmaker, mathematician, and theorist from Murderer 64. Hans Holstein the Younger – German artist and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style 65.Fugues family – German family that was a historically prominent group of European bankers, members of the fifteenth and sixteenth-century 66. Christine De Paisa – Italian French late medieval author. She served as a court writer for several dukes 67. Artemisia Genteelism – Italian Baroque painter, today considered one of the most accomplished painters in the generation after Aggravating Questions: 1. What are the main characteristics of Italian Humanism? How do these compare tit earlier medieval Scholasticism? Why were Italian humanists so interested in Classical civilization? A.Stressed the superiority of ancient Greek and Roman literature, history, and politics and emphasized learning and personal and public duty. The Italians were interested in â€Å"humanism† which dealt with literature, the art of persuasion and were poetically, historically centered on standardized forms borrowed from ancient Greece and Rome. B. On one side is faith; the other side is reason. Humanism brought in the subjective elements of faith, trust and conscience while scholasticism emphasized reason. . Humanists admired classical literature, they were eager to discover lost works of ancient authors.Patriarch hunted for manuscripts and made important finds, including many of Cicerone's letters; but the early fifteenth century was the golden age for rediscovery of Latin authors. The recovery of Greek literature was even more striking. Italian humanists brought back from Constantinople hundreds of previously unknown Greek books. 2. What characteristics of Italian cities in the fifteenth century created an environment that fostered the development of Renaissance culture? A. The Italian cities had a geographical advantage that helped foster the Renaissance culture.Italy was located in an area that had many trade routes. This sparked a strong economy which could, for example, allow painters to afford supplies. 3. What political, social and economic factors caused the Renaissance? A. A decline of agriculture as the main source of revenue for majority. The production shifted to mass quantities, which was in the hand of emerging wealthy urban class. Ideologically was the church discredited and people were looking for answer why God had allowed plague, or why after centuries f relative stability, Europe fell into chaos and warfare.Church divided by Schism was unable to give satisfactory answer, and thinkers and educated elite were looking for their own thinking that was outside of approved church doctrine. Collapse of Byzantine and renewed interest in Greece culture, literature, and philosophy. The geopolitical shift from eastern Mediterranean towards more centrally located northern Italy in feudal Europe, ensured that the idea of Renaissance spread from there to the rest of the continent. 4. Analyze the impact of Renaissance humanism n the development of Italian art from 1400 to 1550. A.Due to the popularity of Renaissance humanism, many forms of art were greatly impacted. Before humanism, many artists would depict scenes of religion and mythology. After, there were mostly portraits of families and people, as well as very detailed sketches of people. It showed that the human body was already a piece of art. 5. Compare and contrast the Renaissance in Italy and the Netherlands. A. The Renaissance in the Netherlands put a greater emphasis on living a pious, simple life. Therefore, artists like Peter Frugal the elder painted pictures such as â€Å"Haymaking. It showed regular peasants carrying out their normal everyday tasks. B. The Ital ian Renaissance, on the other hand, focused more on the wealthy class (aristocracy). Paintings were elaborately detailed, and showed how wealthy and powerful people were. This was because a lot of trade was going on during the time of the Italian Renaissance, especially in the Mediterranean. Therefore, individuals were becoming very wealthy, and thus gaining political influence 6. Analyze the impact of women on the Renaissance and the impact of the Renaissance on women a.The â€Å"debate about women† allowed the topic to come up which in turn had a few women recognized for their bravery and morality. The Renaissance had virtually no help for women in women's rights movement. 7. In what ways did the role of the artist and the prestige attached to art change? Why was this so important? A. Artists had begun to make art under the funds and commission of patrons. Patrons ordered specific scenes that the artist was to create, while other oversaw he work being done. All these reques ts were done for a payment towards the artist. B.Renaissance portraits often showed human detail and portrayed more realistic images. 8. Explain how the Avignon exile, the Great Schism, and the conciliator movement contributed to the weakening of the Church and, especially, papal authority. How did the papacy's secular concerns contribute to this? A. Due to the loss of prestige and the Church's inability to keep their education system comprised and centralized, the councils that laypeople made had discussed their own education system and using it instead of the Churches; the pope had no longer intimidated the people because he got pushed around.