New Product Launch Marketing Plan Essay

Our company is Audi AG. Audi is headquartered in Germany and is a subsidiary of Volkswagen since 1966. Founded in 1909 by automotive pioneer August Horch, Audi specializes in high end and luxurious automobiles (â€Å"Audi Club North America Northeast â€Å", 2014). Audi’s cars collection is comprised of sedan, SUVs, convertible, coupe, diesel and hybrids. Audi is one of the three biggest luxury cars companies in the world. Our plan is to launch our newest headlights technology along with thousands of new cars around the globe. The automobile market is driven by technology and Audi intent to be the premium brand (â€Å"Audi Ag†, 2014).We intent to do so, by delighting our customers worldwide (â€Å"Audi Ag†, 2014). Safety is the number one decision motivator when purchasing a car regardless of where you live and Audi wants to capitalize on that. To predict our consumer’s buying impulses, we will rely on social, cultural and personal factors (Kotler & Keller, 2012).Now is the best time to launch such a product as people drive more and more due in part to recent planes crashes and disappearance. By making night rides safer, Audi intent to gain an edge against its competitors and increase annual sales. Germany and the USA will be our launching platform. We intend to maximize our sales by putting together a strong advertising campaign. We will be utilizing social media like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, we will also advertise via television, radio, billboard, etc. Our advertising team is composed of Me Philippe Biboum, Kevin Mobley, Kirkland Browne, Dana Cannon, Tameika Mclean and Johanna Gutierrez. We are highly qualified and we have combined over twenty years of experience in this field. Here are the components of our plan. Executive summary Situational analysis Market growth potential and competitive analysis Segmentation, target market, and positioning Pricing and distribution strategies Marketing communication plan Financial information(including forecasting demand, break-even, sales, promotional budget, and marketing expense) Intended marketing objectives for Y1, Y2, and Y3 Evaluation and control metrics and methodology to measure performance Contingency planning Situational Analysis The â€Å"Audi of America News Channel† (2014) website stated that in July 2014, Audi increased its sales by 11.9%. This represents the 43rd consecutive record sales for our brand. The launch of our new headlights technology will increase sales even more. Germany and America will be our test launch and we are confident that it will be a success. Our target markets are rich men and women as well as families. Our product will be sold to every individual who is able to purchase and maintain a luxury car. We have a wide collection of cars to will fit everyone lifestyle. In terms of demography, our product aims at people between the age of 25 and 60 who have a lot of money. We recently have been making cheaper car to capture the consumers less than 25 years of age. Audi is aware of the fact that gender, family status and age influence car buying, that is why we built certain models fit younger generation like the A6, SUVs and sedan for families and coupe for single people. Geographically speaking, Audi knows that car buying differ according to the location. Our product will be appealing to individuals who live in the outskirts of big cities, or deep in the country because they often have to drive on roads that are not well lit. Social class, personalities and lifestyles divide the market into psychographic segmentations. Audi’s cars are aimed at upper social classes. We target individual who like a flashy lifestyle and want to show their wealth because we know they can afford the technology. About the market growth, we know that there is a need for a product such as our new headlights. According to the Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI), good quality headlights are one of the best ways to avoid car crashes (â€Å"Insurance Institute for Highway Safety†, 2012). The recent  plane crashes along with airfare are driving people to drive more and more. We know we will increase our sales as long as we have a strong marketing campaign to advert ise our product. SWOT analysis One of the strength here is that our product provides a safer nighttime driving experience for drivers who do long distance driving. The cost to add the feature will increase the purchase price of the vehicle and this is a weakness. An opportunity could be the effective utilization of marketing approaches will help to determine market need (i.e. surveys) and gain a competitive advantage (promotion, placement/positioning. Audi’s competitors such as BMW, Mercedes Benz, etc. can use the same or similar product if there is no patent on the development of the product and this is a threat to our bottom line. Our key to success here is to respond to consumer demand by creating a product they want and need. That product is the new headlights technology. This product will separate us from our competition because it is an innovation, it will help save lives and increase our bottom line. Market growth potential Audi’s goal is to slowly integrate their LED headlight technology into all of their vehicles. They will begin by installing them in higher-level class of vehicles as an â€Å"upgrade† option. Brighter, longer lasting headlight bulbs will reduce the cost of replacing regular bulbs, and brighter headlights will increase driver visibility at night. Audi expects competitors to install similar devices in their vehicles; however, Audi believes their version is longer lasting, brighter and safer for Audi drivers as well as, other drivers on the road. Competitive Analysis The automobile industry is fiercely competitive in the United States as well as, internationally. In 2006-2008, the automobile industry suffered a significant financial loss, especially the big three in Detroit. Foreign automobile manufacturers took advantage and saw growth. While some Asian and European manufacturers also suffered, many upgraded base models to entice buyers to purchase their product. Automakers did what they could to gain the upper hand against their competitors. Audi was no different, seeing a drop in sales during this time. For many customers, safety, reliability, and  fuel efficiency are increasingly important, more so than flash, speed, and power. The safety and visibility of an Audi driver is a priority Audi is attempting to increase. Segmentation The market segmentation has spate, but distinct parts: geographical, psychographic, and demographic. Audi will use geographical sales statistics to determine where sales are highest. Introducing upgrades and changes to Audi vehicles to the customers who buy them more frequently will benefit Audi and satisfy customer demand. Audi is responding to increasing customer demand for safety; therefore, increasing driver visibility satisfies customer demand. Moreover, the longer lasting, brighter headlights benefit teen and elderly drivers who may become easily distracted or have difficulty seeing at night. The increase in safety may also decrease accidents, which will make insurance companies happy. Target Market Audi is not specifically targeting one particular group; however, brighter lights will benefit drivers with limited experience or with poor vision or night vision the most. Elderly drivers are more likely to benefit from brighter headlights to increase their visibility at night. The headlight feature is not limited to elderly drivers though, all drivers can benefit from the safety feature. Audi expects high customer satisfaction and will eventually implement the LED headlight in all of their models. Any driver concerned for safety is part of the market Audi is targeting. Longer lasting lights means less maintenance cost, and brighter lights means other drivers can see the Audi sooner, and the Audi driver can see the road or and any debris in the road, sooner. Positioning Positioning is important, and precise placement of the headlight translates to better driver visibility. However, regardless of how bright or long lasting the headlight is, defensive, non-distractive driving is key to reduce traffic accidents and avoiding road hazards. Moreover, the ability to see an item in the road sooner will help the driver prevent a collision; however, failure to pay attention to the road will increase the potential for at-fault accidents and collisions. While many discard some features as â€Å"unnecessary,† brighter, longer lasting headlights is a product Audi feels  confident implementing, and confident customers will respond in an overwhelmingly positive way. Pricing & Distribution When looking at pricing and distribution there are several factors to be considered. The wholesaler’s will always calculate its prices by adding the cost of the product itself (headlights), wages involved in the production, the overheads and cost to deliver such. Then, after the wholesaler calculates a reasonable mark-up, the product will then be sold to Audi. It is then Audi’s job to make the best out of this product by the promotion it carries out. Before Audi agrees to any business with a headlight manufacturer Audi strategizes and plans a how to price and distribute. Audi is a well-known luxurious vehicle where they now will have an added feature to promote safety. The sales potential are very high as we are targeting those that enjoy road trips, those that are behind the wheel for extended amount of hours. Audi then has to reanalyze its decision and consider losses, what if this does not work, how this will impact our business, what are other cost effective routes we can take. These are all considerations Audi has to take into play if the brighter headlights for their vehicles do not create more sales. This is going to be considered as a standard on all of Audi vehicles, it is not an add on feature Audi plans of charging extra for. Marketing Communication Plan Audi believes in its product. Before a company can be successful it must build its own awareness. Audi has built that awareness! Every day you see accidents caused by poor visibility due to poor lighting. Audi will use this to their advantage when marketing and communicating to its customers and potential customers the advantages of Audi’s new improved headlights. Furthermore, it is advantageous for Audi to stress the fact that the price tag of the vehicles have not changed due to the improved and upgraded headlights. Audi has been dedicated to communicate to its customers, potential customers and competitors that they have the solution for accidents caused by poor visibility due to poor lighting. They are advertising this through every mean of communication possible. Then internet/ media is a huge marketing communication source, the radio, newspapers, billboards, and the public itself by word of mouth. When driving  on the road if you see an Audi vehicle you will see the di fference in their bright headlights when compared to other vehicles. Asserting the fact that you communicate with all of your customers and potential customers plays a vital part in how successful this will be. Audi has identified families and one of their targets and this is the main target we are communicating our new product to. Audi has partnered and networked with different sources such as â€Å"safety programs† and/ or famous people, have also taken it a step ahead by recording infomercials on highways, dark roads and valleys to show its costumers the strength behind the new headlights their vehicles have. Audi has been servicing consumers upwards of one hundred plus years and Audi intends on being a provider until the end of time in order to stay relevant in the automotive industry Audi is aware of the evolving of automobiles. Audi has done its research throughout the years and through the years consumer safety has remained the number one factor when building an effective brand. Audi has continued to serve the consumer while remaining at the head of its class of Luxury automobiles. In past research through the National Highway Traffic Administration Audi found that one of the major issues of car accidents within the United States stemmed from blinding headlights (NHTA, 2013). The new product that Audi seeks is to install the LED headlights with objectives based around consumer safety first as well as profits. The objectives provided focused on the product from beginning to end starting from year one when Audi began searching for the new product to elevate the company. Audi will definitely captivate its target audience as well as reach its sales growth, once it begins manufacturing the product and getting the products in its show rooms. Objectives: Year 1 Completed research on issues surrounding vehicle safety Find the issue and find a product that will assist in increasing consumers comfort when driving Find target audience Year 2 build a Safe brand to suite consumers’ needs  implement the strategy in vehicles that target our initial consumer market (families) seek profits of upwards of 10-15 percent within the first year Year 3 Implement products in remaining vehicle models that service all consumers. Seek to increase Revenue another 10 to 30 percent Begin research on new product to assist with current features Financial Information It is imperative that the financial outlook of Audi for 2014 is predicated on the prior performance drivers. In 2013, the Audi A4, A6, Q5, and Q7 experienced increased sales from the previous years over the other vehicle models. The A4 and A6 belong to the sedan category and the Q5 and Q7 are in the SUV/crossover category. That being said, it is forecasted that these same vehicle category’s sales will continue to increase in 2014. Therefore, the introductory marketing of the new headlight designs should be donned in the aforementioned vehicle models. Moving forward, the following financial data, to include forecasted demand, sales, break-even point sales/units, and marketing/promotional budget expense, shall represent the four top selling vehicle models. Audi is looking to increase revenue by four percent annually over the next three years. With the addition of the enhanced headlights, Audi believes the projected forecasts will be successful. Figures A – D illustrate the proposed forecasts for each vehicle. Figure A. Figure B. Figure C. Forecasted Break-Even Point Analysis Figure D. Evaluation and Control Metrics Utilizing control metrics to measure the success rate of employed strategies is a very important aspect of the marketing plan. Ensuring the success of the chosen methods of marketing is needed to determine if changes should be and/or can be made to increase revenue. There are a variety of metrics tools that can be used to benchmark marketing data, but identifying four of  them will suffice for this particular analysis. 1 Market Size – the number of units sold to a market in a specific period of time (1 year). 2 Market Share – the number of units sold in a specific period of time that represents a percentage of the entire market size. 3 Brand Awareness – Actual and potential customers being able to identify the Audi brand. 4 Customer Satisfaction – Customer’s perception of Audi’s product and service delivery. (www.dobney.com, p.4-25). Contingency Planning The contingency plan for Audi headlights is very simple. As headlights are already used on every make and model, these advances in technology are not the reinvention of the wheel. These changes propose no danger to the continued success of Audi’s business operations. We will apply for a patent which will protect our new LED technology and lighting design for two years, and we actively pursue all copyright infringement to prevent any future instances. As it is inevitable that after the two year protected period that others will follow our lead we will use those two years to develop new designs with respect to LED lighting that will not only increase safety, but will also define Audi’s brand by a visual representation contained in our headlight assembly. A lighted trademark if you will. Our definition of success with respect to contingency planning will be to defend our position for the first two years while developing a trademarked light design for all future Audi models. References Anonymous. Understanding market metrics. Retrieved August 17, 2014 from http://www.dobney.com/Research/market_metrics.htm AUDI AG. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.audi.com/corporate/en/company/corporate-strategy.html Audi Club North America Northeast. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.neqclub.org/about-us/audis-history.html Audi of America News Channel. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.audiusanews.com/newsroom.do;jsessionid=B4BD8EEE4DAD44DA49C746C83D80A7BE?&id=65&allImage=1&name=sales-news&mid=98 Insurance Institute for

Essay On Problem Solving Techniques Used By Few Organisations

AcknowledgementAn old Chinese proverb says; When eating your bamboo sprouts, remember the man who planted them. Now that our sprouts are ready to eat, it is time for us to express our deepest gratitude to all those to have made this possible. We wish to express our sincere gratitude to our professor who guided and helped us from time to time to successfully conduct this research. We think her directions were the best thing that could happen to us and our project. We also would like to thank each other of our group members and hope you enjoy reading the report as much as we enjoyed making it.Contents Problem Solving Process & Steps Techniques used by various companies to solve their problems. 1) Nokia 2) Cadbury Dairy Milk 3) Tata Nano 4) Bisleri 5) Coca Cola 6) Allwyn photo copiersProblem Solving Process & StepsAs the owner of your own business you deal with problems on an almost daily basis. Being familiar with effective Problem Solving Techniques can dramatically affect the growth of your business. Although you find solutions to your problems, many businessmen and women are not really skilled in the methods of problem solving, and when solutions fail, they fault themselves for misjudgment. 1. Define the problemDiagnose the situation so that your focus is on the problem, not just its symptoms. Helpful techniques at this stage include using flowcharts to identify the expected steps of a process and cause-and-effect diagrams to define and analyze root causes. 2. Generate alternative solutionsPostpone the selection of one solution until several alternatives have been proposed. Having a standard with which to compare the characteristics of the final solution is not the same as defining the desired result. A standard allows us to evaluate the different intended results offered by alternatives. When you try to build toward desired results, it’s very difficult to collect good information about the process. Considering multiple alternatives can significantly en hance the value of your final solution.Once the team or individual has decided the â€Å"what should be† model, this target standard becomes the basis for developing a road map for investigating alternatives. Brainstorming and team problem-solving techniques are both useful tools in this stage of problem solving. Many alternative solutions should be generated before evaluating any of them. A common mistake in problem solving is that alternatives are evaluated as they are proposed, so the first acceptable solution is chosen, even if it’s not the best fit. If we focus on trying to get the results we want, we miss the potential for learning something new that will allow for real improvement. 3. Evaluate and select an alternativeSkilled problem solvers use a series of considerations when selecting the best alternative. They consider the extent to which: A particular alternative will solve the problem without causing other unanticipated problems. All the individuals involve d will accept the alternative.Implementation of the alternative is likely. The alternative fits within the organizational constraints. 4. Implement and follow up on the solutionLeaders may be called upon to order the solution to be implemented by others, â€Å"sell† the solution to others or facilitate the implementation by involving the efforts of others. The most effective approach, by far, has been to involve others in the implementation as a way of minimizing resistance to subsequent changes. Feedback channels must be built into the implementation of the solution, to produce continuous monitoring and testing of actual events against expectations. Problem solving, and the techniques used to derive elucidation, can only be effective in an organization if the solution remains in place and is updated to respond to future changes.Techniques used by various companies to solve their problems.1) NokiaAs we all know, Nokia had for so many years used the symbian operating system in their phones. It was working fine and Nokia had captured the Indian phone market very well. There was no competition to it from left right or centre. But in 2008 came a breathtaking technology by Google. They invented the Android OS. It became a benchmark for the mobile phone companies. Each and every phone started making their phones with the latest android technology, as android was fast, modern and the most important, user friendly. While Nokia still stuck to its old symbian os, and did not use the android technology. Slowly and gradually, Samsung took over the Indian market by storm.They had captured the Indian market which for long belonged to just Nokia. Nokia had a problem here. They did not use the android os because of some internal matters of their organization. So after a good amount of research and development later, nokia came out with a solution that would bring the brand nokia back in the market and try to regain its lost glory. They upgraded their technology and sta rted making phones with the Windows phone 8 OS. These phones gradually caught the eye of the Indian customers,  as it was something different than android. People started purchasing the Nokia Lumia series of phones and the sales of Nokia phones again where on a rise.2) Cadbury Dairy MilkIn eight outlets across Maharashtra, worms were found in some bars of Cadbury Dairy Milk, Cadbury's bread-and-butter brand selling 1 million bars a day and an icon of ‘chocolate' in India. Inquiry was instituted by the Food and Drug Administration and negative media publicity spread like wildfire. The extensively graphic media coverage led people to believe that every bar could be contaminated. Consequently, sales volume plummeted, retailer cooperation lessened and employee morale dwindled. All in all, the company's credibility suffered extensive damage. Reason behind this crisis..After a thorough investigation of the entire supply chain, it was found that the problem originated at the distri bution end.Apparently, at the retail outlets the infested bars were placed next to open unpacked items susceptible to worms. However, although the problem was not of its own making, Cadbury did take responsibility for the lack in educating retailers on storage and hygiene. The company launched a new double packaging that wrapped even the smallest 13 gm chocolate in an aluminium foil, heat-sealed for complete protection from all sides and further encased in a polyflow pack. The over-engineered pack, the first of its kind in India, cost the company a fortune, but fulfilled the company's promise to media and consumers. The new packaging was launched amidst much fanfare in a media conference.Amongst the material distributed in the conference were a comparison kit allowing evaluation of old and new packs and a video new release with packaging and factory shots for television coverage. To reinstate confidence among sales people and to motivate them, another audio-visual with a message fro m the ambassador Amitabh Bachchan was shown in a string of sales conferences.3) Tata NanoUntil the afternoon of 21 March when he took delivery of his Lunar Silver coloured Nano, 36-year-old Satish Sawant was your average citizen leading a normal life. On the Sunday of 21 March, accompanying him to collect the car  was his wife, five-year-old son and a temporary driver. It was close to 3 pm that day and they were nearing his residence. His wife pointed out that something was burning. Sawant looked out. Nothing was burning. She insisted and forced him to park. He got out—there was smoke coming out of the car’s rear. He hurriedly got his wife and son out. The smoke turned billowing black. He took the car’s papers out.The little vehicle now began to burn like you see in the movies. Tata Motors attributed the first couple of cases to the melting of localised parts caused by faulty combination switches. That is somewhat similar to sparks and smoke in your house†™s wiring caused by an electric short-circuit. There was no quality control deployed at the Tata motors production facility. So in order to bring the situation under control and solve this problem, Tata motors changed the vendors who supplied the combination switches and employed a proper quality control in their plant, by which each and every car would go through proper checks before being granted the ok status.4) BisleriIn the early 1990s, Parle Bisleri Ltd's (Parle Bisleri's) Bisleri1 had become synonymous with branded water and had a market share of 70%. In the late 1990s, Bisleri's market share began to erode with new players entering the market. The Cola majors, Pepsi and Coca-Cola and the confectionery giant, Nestle, also entered the branded water market in India. Pepsi and Coca-Cola had an established distribution network. Bisleri realized that with the new players also clambering on to the purity plank, it had to reposition itself to arrest its declining market share. In September 2000, Parle Bisleri launched its Play Safe ad campaign.The company tried to add a fun element to Bisleri to rejuvenate the brand. The ultimate aim was to increase Bisleri's turnover from Rs 4 billion2 in 2000 to Rs 10 billion by 2003. In 2001, both Kinley and Aquafina were making huge investments in bottling plants and distribution. By 2002, Coca-Cola India planned to double the number of water bottling plants to 16 and Pepsi announced that it would add seven more plants to the existing five. In contrast, Bisleri had only 15 bottling plants and three franchisees. Kinley had 500,000 outlets compared to Bisleri's 350,000.Analysts felt that Kinley and Aquafina had an edge over Bisleri because of their strong distribution network. In 2000, in the  face of competition from the new entrants, Bisleri decided to penetrate every possible segment of the market by introducing more pack sizes and to establish the brand strongly with trendy packaging. In 2000, Bisleri launched the 1. 2 litre pack. This added to the five pack sizes that Bisleri had (500 ml, one, two, five and 20 litres). The new pack was priced at Rs 12. In 2000, Bisleri also launched smaller packs like the 300 ml cup. This 300 ml cup was targeted at large gatherings like marriages and conventions. A study conducted by Bisleri showed that its one litre pack was not considered trendy enough.5) Coca ColaIn 2003, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a non-governmental organisation in New Delhi, said aerated waters produced by soft drinks manufacturers in India, including multinational giants PepsiCo and Coca-Cola, contained toxins including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyrifos — pesticides that can contribute to cancer and a breakdown of the immune system. Tested products included Coke, Pepsi, and several other soft drinks (7Up, Mirinda, Fanta, Thums Up, Limca, Sprite), many produced by The Coca-Cola Company.This affected the sales of cocacola to a great extent, they went crashin g down. Later on after a detailed study, the company found out that the water they used for the manufacturing was safe and free from pesticides, but the problem was in the packaging department. The bottles in which the coke is to be filled is processed and cleaned with certain chemicals so that it becomes safe and all the impurities are removed, and later on the bottle is washed with water. It was seen that after cleaning the bottles with the chemicals, they were not being washed properly, which resulted in the chemicals staying in the bottle before the coke was filled in it. The company identified this problem and resolved this by keeping a proper quality control on the bottling plant and make sure that the bottles are washed properly after being treated with chemicals.6) Allwyn photo copiersThis is a shop which is situated in Mumbai. It undertakes the work of photo copying, printing, etc. For years they have been using the old Xerox machines. The name Xerox is synonym with photo c opy in India. But as the  time changes, there is a need to adopt new technologies to keep up with the competition in the market. So the company purchased new equipments and new printers which had the latest technologies like laser beam printing, etc. But after purchasing and using the new equipments, instead of their sales going up, they started declining. This was a matter of concern for the management as the sales were declining even after they were using the new technologies.They did a proper research on this and found out that the problem was not in the machinery, but the people handling the machines were not aware of the new machines properly and thus they were not able to use it efficiently. To overcome this problem, the management decided to train the employees who handle the machines. They were trained on various aspects as to how to make full use of machiniery with minimum efforts. Training the workmen is an important part of the production process. Thus when the handlers were trained properly, they knew how to use the machines properly and this in turn increased their efficieny. This resulted in more sales and more productivity.ConclusionThus we saw the case studies of various organizations and companies and how they overcome their problems. We can take a few inputs from these cases and implement it whenever we are stuck in any problem similar to these. Quality control and problem solving techniques are extremely important for an organization , as each and every organization faces some kind of the problem. What is important is that how they overcome it.

Sustainable Development For Iraqi Oil And Gas Resources In the Light Dissertation

Sustainable Development For Iraqi Oil And Gas Resources In the Light of International Law - Dissertation Example 1.2. Background of the study Overview of the current situation in the Iraqi oil and gas industry From 1975 to 2003 the Iraq’s oil and gas industry has been entirely state-operated. Blanchard (2009) points out that during this time the infrastructure â€Å"suffered from the negative effects of war, international sanctions, a lack of investment and technology, and, in some cases, mismanagement† (p.1). After the collapse of Saddam’s Regime in 2003, new Iraqi government started to put plans to develop oil and gas industry as the sector critical for the national economy. The Iraqi Constitution states that oil and gas are exclusively owned by the Iraqi people in all regions, implying that the management of these resources is a federal responsibility. Nevertheless, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) has opposed these and other related statements, interpreting the Federal Oil and Gas Law so that to pursue its own Regional Oil and Gas Law and policies (Al-adhadh 2008 : p.7). KRG claims: â€Å"Under the country’s constitution, oil and gas management is primarily a Regional right, and the main features of this Law are in line with Iraq’s draft oil law. †¦The Law not only affords the Kurdistan Region a clear and transparent legal structure for negotiations with investors; but it also benefits the rest of Iraq as, consistent with the constitution, the law requires the Kurdistan Region to share revenues from oil and gas development with the Federal Government in Baghdad† (Strategic Media n.d.: p.8). Such disagreement between national and regional interpretations of the Iraqi Oil and Gas Law entailed the current situation when, in spite of lengthy debates of economists and... This paper stresses that the need of new legal and policy guidelines for the sustainable development of the country’s petroleum resources is widely recognised among Iraqis, due to ongoing political debates the effective solution has not been found so far. The main reason is significant differences in the understanding of â€Å"the proper role and powers of federal and regional authorities in regulating oil and gas development; the terms and extent of potential foreign participation in the oil and gas sectors; and proposed formulas and mechanisms for equitably sharing oil and gas revenue†. Such differences are especially apparent in disagreements between the Iraq’s national government and the Kurdistan Regional Government. This study intends to answer a number of important questions, critical for the national economics of Iraq in terms of creating conditions for the effective management of Iraqi oil and gas industry in accordance to modern international policies of sustainable development. This report makes a conclusion that it is necessary to keep in mind that, in spite of economic growth is considered to be a powerful means of improvement of human well-being, economic development must be within the limits of what is ecologically sustainable. This is important because environment not only provides the resources for economic activity, but also ensures ecological conditions for life of humans. So, ecology is of the same great importance as economy. This study is focused on the unique current conditions in the Iraqi oil and gas industry and on the prospects for sustainable development in the production and end use of oil and gas in Iraq, with particular reference to Kurdistan region.

Why does a blue sky have white clouds Why do the clouds appear red at Essay

Why does a blue sky have white clouds Why do the clouds appear red at sunset. What is the "Green Flash seen in some sunsets in Hawaii - Essay Example This phenomenon is due to the process known as Mie scattering, one which is responsible for the white colour of the clouds at daytime. At one point, theory suggests that clouds appear red at sunset because of the earth’s pollutants. The red colour of the clouds is a reflection of the sun’s beam of light striking the polluted atmosphere of the earth. This reflection comes from the smoke, smog and other gases emitted from factories, vehicles, and so on that are hit by the sun’s radiant beam of light. On the other hand, the phenomenon could also be explained by the idea of wavelength. Particles in the atmosphere like oxygen and nitrogen can scatter violet and blue light from the sun due to their size. Thus, the more we are closer to the sun, the more we would see sky as blue during day time. However, at sunset, considering that there must have been too much blue and violet light that has been scattered for the day, allowing the observer to see light of longer wavelength, clouds may substantially appear red. This is called Rayleigh scattering. The Green Flash seen in sunsets in Hawaii is one of the most spectacular events in the place. This is due to light refracting in the atmosphere. At sunset, the different colours of light rays from the sun are refracted at the atmosphere. The refraction provides varying colours that may overlap each other. At some point, the green one may overlap the other in a flash, which is a brief and sudden phenomenon. That is why it is called a green

A business report about the company called friend Essay

A business report about the company called friend - Essay Example I (David) took the responsibility of finding out solutions to their problems. Therefore a business report is compiled, which itemises each department and issue so that every problem can be studied. After discussion with the owners and then studying their marketing approach, it appears that they have no such plan at all. They believe in advertising through their customers; however it is evident that the customer base is not at all increasing. Their customers might be loyal, but are not good at advertising them. Similarly there is no customer base in the two cafà ©-bars too. Most people only come there by chance. The cafà ©-bars again are not advertised. The saloons and bar both sell different products. It can be established that the products need to be suited for the targeted audience. The saloons can sell Aveda products directly to their customers, to get extra income. The bars too can cut their menu to more focused foods. No advertising is used at all. Publicity to increase sales is missing as well. The fact that local music events are organized at the bars makes it easier to introduce new products. This opportunity needs to be utilized in order to publicise the saloons without any additional cost. Understanding the customer better allows designing appropriate products. The Friends have to understand that they can no longer survive with their current customer base. For example, in the cafà ©-bars the food sure has variety, but no focus. This makes customer less likely to come to the bars. After inquiring for some customers it was noticed that the environment at the saloons was not customer friendly. The services given by the staff aren’t satisfactory, thought the haircuts were good. The overall processes of the business are run on ad-hoc basis, with no planning at all. Processes need to be streamlined and a clear guideline has to be established. Friends can utilise their personal relationship to promote themselves, they can easily make promotional

Product Development of Subaru Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product Development of Subaru - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the changing trends have affected Subaru due to changes in demand for cars. The demand for the SUVs increased in the last decade while there was a decrease in the demand for small cars. Such changes in consumer behavior affect the sales performance of the products delivered to the market. The success of any new product is based on the ability to resonate with the customers which are a plus if achieved. The change in the behavior of the customer must be reciprocated with product change or improvement. The company has invested in massive customer demand research with the focus being on the preferences of the customers especially to change in design and performance of the product. The success of the new approach is evident in the success achieved in the utility vehicles developed after the research. In the modern market, the customer is king as such the company must engage research for success to be achieved. The approach of Subaru in resea rch and development has increased product performance.

Portfolio Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Portfolio Management - Essay Example This obviously shows that this theory is not entirely correct. The theory further interpreted shows that investors who thoroughly analyse the market are wasting their time. This theory was coined from the belief that, since the market was often efficient, then it was always efficient. This is however, not always true (Hagstrom, R. 2001, 158). The efficient market theory by Eugene Fama bases its argument on a number of assumptions. First is that all investors rationally seek to maximize the value of their investments. This means that the information that investors receive on their stock investments can make them react randomly either by overreacting or vice versa. This goes to say that they cannot be predicted or exploited thereof for the purpose of making a profit. Secondly, investors have easy and free access to information and can easily buy or sell stocks without breaking sweat. Third  is that, all investors in the stock market are in it to make money. This is true to some exten t. Based on these assumptions, one can conclude that all the information that people have that can affect stock prices is irrelevant since it has already affected the price (Hough, J. 2008, 26 -27). Similarly, if the stock price at any one time accurately reflects the value of the company then, stock traders cannot time their trades in a way to take advantage of inside information. Efficient market theory also shows that companies cannot manipulate their accounts to take advantage of investors by manipulating their stock prices. However, market dynamics and IT employ ordinary people who work in various companies neither of whom are consistent or efficient. Nevertheless, cases of companies manipulating their books and insider trading are evident in stock markets around the world (Studymode. 1999, 1). An academic spends time testing viable approaches to the market and comes up with conclusions that a practical player in the stock market will most likely differ with. This is because an individual practicing in the market will find completely different ways of benefitting from the market. A successful practicing trader in the market is characterized as practical, rational, able to keep their emotions in check and profit oriented (Schwager, J. 2008, 42). There a number of ways that one can benefit from an inefficient market. One is as simple as buying the under-priced stocks and short the overpriced ones. It is obviously a much more complex undertaking than it seems. Timing and information is any investor’s best asset when it comes to this. As everyone is scrambling to buy stocks and bonds from large companies, one can take this opportunity to target the smaller upgraded companies that others seem to overlook. The stock and bond prices for these companies are sure to be at a bargain since there are fewer players in this pool. One of the most overstated but true investment rules that few seem to follow is to diversify. Diversifying one’s investment por tfolio is a sure way to reduce the risk of losses all the while increasing the chances of good returns on investment. Diversifying however does not just mean investing randomly in different companies. Real application of diversification in investments refers to owning stocks or bonds spread amongst an array of sectors in the market. Diversification does not cost the investor anything and is referred to as free insurance in the

Identifying Changes in Manufacturing Process and Costs Due to Case Study

Identifying Changes in Manufacturing Process and Costs Due to Automation & Applying ABC to Small Businesses - Case Study Example 2. This kind of the manufacturing process reduces the employability of the unskilled labor. The semi-skilled labor or the highly skilled labor’s demand grows as some knowledge is required in operating the machineries of an engineering based manufacturing company. But the best part of the automated process is that the employee’s physical labor reduces but at the salary paid earlier or at an increased level of salary. 3. Depending on the level of automation the impact on the company workforce falls on the employees of the company. Generally the existing employees take a lot of time in adapting to the changing working condition of the company. This may result in the employees losing their job and being replaced but such employees who have prior knowledge about the automation process of the firm. 4. The automation process of the company may result in the improved quality of product which can be made affordable at a cheaper price than before. Automation process is both repeatable as well as precise which ensures the manufacturing of the product with same specification, thus leading to the high efficiency level of the company. 5. The overhead costs related to the direct material, direct labor and other manufacturing costs get affected after the implementation of the automation process to the extent that initially there is a rise in the cost because of the conversion to the automated process. But after reaching the break-even point of the company’s per unit cost of the product seems to decrease with time in terms of all manufacturing cost except labor. The labor cost is usually high because employing of skilled labor is essential for manufacturing companies with automated process. Moreover, with the further updating the machineries of the company; cost in labor increases in the process of training as well. 6. The automation affect may tend to increase the fixed and the variable proportion of the company. This rise may usually come

Opposing Review of Apple 32GB iPhone 3GS review by PCWORLD.com Essay

Opposing Review of Apple 32GB iPhone 3GS review by PCWORLD.com - Essay Example One touch word selection, copy/paste, improved control over power, downloads and applications, new ways of communication etc are some of the features which makes android 2.3 better than iPhone OS 3.0 upgrade. Another claim about 3GS is the boosted CPU (600MHz) and its RAM (256MB). Samsung galaxy S2 which was released recently has 1.2 GHz dual core processor along with 512 MB RAM. It is evident from the above statistics that Galaxy S2 has pushed 32GB iPhone yards behind. Even 3G, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are functioning at a better rate in Samsung Galaxy S2 compared to iphone 3GS. â€Å"I was pleasantly surprised to have a noticeably better experience navigating apps like Marco Polo CityGuide London, a largely text-based utility with hooks into the Maps app† (Perenson, 2009). Mellissa would have even more surprised if she gets an opportunity to experience the navigation facilities available in Samsung Galaxy S2. GPS/Geo tagging is functioning far better in S2 than in iphone 3GS. The GPS facilities in S2 give you driving time, walking time and running time between two different places. It has the ability to locate your place automatically and guide you to your destination. Another feature of iphone which attracted Mellissa was the enhanced camera facility in iphone 3GS. She says that the 2 MP camera in earlier version was upgraded to 3MP in the newer version of iphone 3GS. It should be noted that Galaxy S2 has 8MP camera at the back and 3 MP camera in front and no other mobile phones in the world at present has superior imaging ability than S2. Another feature of iphone 3 GS which attracted Mellissa was the superior voice control facilities of it. Mellissa says that iphone 3GS is capable of obeying lot of voice commands. She should remember that Galaxy S2 is probably the only phone available now which has the ability to type text messages using voice recognition software. Galaxy S2 can be controlled more effectively through voice commands than iphone 3GS. Melli ssa says that iphone 3GS has superior display than any other phones in the world now. She argues that texts appear on iphone 3GS much sharper than any other phones in the world. Her opinions would have changed, if she gets an opportunity to check the display and touchscreen controls of galaxy S2. Galaxy S2 has definitely superior. Mellissa concluded her review with the following words; â€Å"With 32GB of storage and its data and multimedia strengths, Apple's iPhone 3GS is, despite the reservations noted, one of the best smartphones you can buy for the money† (Mellissa, 2009). Mellissa’s review of iphone appeared on PC World.com in 2009. Her claims could be somewhat true during that period. However, when we compare iphone 3GS now with other smartphones available in the market, we can realize that her concluding words are not relevant now. Samsung Galaxy S2 seems to be a better option than iphone 3GS now. I tried to criticize all the positive claims of Mellissa J. Perens on about iphone in this rebuttal paper. Even though Mellissa J. Perenson mentioned some of the drawbacks of this phone at the beginning of her review, the rest of the review consists of only the positives of this phone. A reader may develop a feeling that this phone is the greatest phone arrived in the market so far. In my opinion,

The Scramble for Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Scramble for Africa - Essay Example 5). The impact of globalization on Africa has illustrated its dangers. Just as capitalism needed to be regulated in the United States and other market economies in the industrial age to protect people from the abuse of companies in the name of profit, a worldwide effort arguably needs to be made to protect the most vulnerable people in the world from corporate abuse when their own governments will not do so. According to Simon Taylor, director of Global Witness, a globalization watchdog, G8 countries need to take the lead in preventing this kind of abuse, as their companies are the most likely to be benefiting from it. He asserts, "Western companies and banks have colluded in stripping Africa's resources. We need to track revenues from oil, mining and logging into national budgets to make sure that the money isn't siphoned off by corrupt officials" (par. 4). The potential for Africa to produce huge profits for foreign investors is undeniable. The continent is shaping up to be the highest potential investment area in the world. "Sub-Saharan Africa may be the poorest region in the world but it is also its most profitable investment destination. According to the World Bank's 2003 global development finance report, the continent offers 'the highest returns on foreign direct investment of any region in the world'" (Wright 2005, par. 7). It is only a matter of time before this fact will influence the behavior of foreign companies. "At the moment only around 1% of the private capital that is sloshing around the globe finds its way into sub-Saharan Africa. But there is an increasing band of intrepid international companies that are initiating a new scramble for Africa. Like the colonial pioneers before them, they have found that the strategy can be risky but the potential rewards are enormous" (par. 8). The African continent's wealth of oil and diamonds is the primary target of this latest "scramble." Oil in particular has led developed nations to eye Africa, particularly given the recent escalation of prices. "Spurred by rising global oil prices and depleting reservoirs nearer home, the world's biggest energy-consuming countries have re-discovered Africa. Oil production across that least-developed continent is set to double by the end of the decade, with the US alone importing more than a quarter of its requirements from there. Africa is expected to supply one-fifth of global output by 2010" ("Oil exploration" 2005, par. 2). Competition for this African resource is fierce, and threatens to inflict serious injury on local populations. "As the world's oil becomes depleted, the energy-intensive developed countries face each other in mounting competition for the remaining resources. This trend could have major economic, political, social and environmental implications for regions such as Africa" (par. 1). Unfettered by the kind of government regulation constraining huge multinational oil companies in developed countries, there is a grave risk that they could fail to implement environmental and other safeguards, thereby risking the health and safety of the local populations. Further, an environmental disaster such as an oil spill or refinery explosion could have tremendous economic

The Stanford Prison Experiment Essay Example for Free

The Stanford Prison Experiment Essay In August of 1971, Phillip Zimbardo constructed a mock correctional facility. Placing an ad in a local newspaper, and with over 70 responses, he conducted interviews with 70 male candidates across the U. S. and out of those 70 candidates 24 of them were sorted out through mental diseases, drug abuse, and psychological issues. With a pay of $15/a day, he divided the candidates, 9 guards and 9 prisoners. He constructed the basement floor at Stanford into a correctional facility taking the doors off hinges and replacing them with steel door with bars and cell numbers. Each prisoner was stripped and searched and sprayed, the same way as if they were going to a real prison. Each prisoner was given robes to wear with their own prisoner number on the back and on the front, and they could only go by prisoner numbers not by name. They also were given rubber slippers and chains wrapped around their ankles and hair nets as opposed to shaving their heads. There were three cells will three cots each, enough for the 9 prisoners. Each 8 hour shift had three guards each and even some on call for back up. The first day went well with no incident, the second day however the prisoners began to riot by taking off their hairnets, pulling off their numbers off their robes. Being outrages and infuriated the guards went into each cell stripped the prisoners, took their cots, and sprayed them with the fire extinguisher. The ringleader of the riot was put into solitary confinement by the guards. After only 36 hours, one prisoner #8612 then began to act crazy, to scream, to curse, to go into a rage that seemed out of control. It took quite a while before they became convinced that he was really suffering and that they had to release him. Guards forced the prisoners to repeat their assigned numbers in order to reinforce the idea that this was their new identity. Guards soon used these prisoner counts to harass the prisoners, using physical punishment such as protracted exercise for errors in the prisoner count. Sanitary conditions declined rapidly, exacerbated by the guards refusal to allow some prisoners to urinate or defecate anywhere but in a bucket placed in their cell. As punishment, the guards would not let the prisoners empty the sanitation bucket. Mattresses were a valued item in the prison, so the guards would punish prisoners by removing their mattresses, leaving them to sleep on concrete. Some prisoners were forced to be naked as a method of degradation. Several guards became increasingly cruel as the experiment continued; experimenters reported that approximately one-third of the guards exhibited genuine sadistic tendencies. Most of the guards were upset when the experiment ended after only 6 days. The experiment ended when Zimbardo’s girlfriend, Christina Masalach, a graduate student there to conduct interviews, saw how bad the prisoners were being treated and how the conditions were. It was also said that some prisoners had experienced more abuse during the middle of the night as well as pornographic abuse from the guards. So, therefore the 2 week experiment ended in only 6 days.

Yellow Wallpaper Essay Essay Example for Free

Yellow Wallpaper Essay Essay (Full name Charlotte Anna Perkins Stetson Gilman) American short story writer, essayist, novelist, and autobiographer. The following entry presents criticism of Gilmans short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† (1892). The short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by nineteenth-century feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman, was first published in 1892 in New England Magazine. Gilmans story, based upon her own experience with a â€Å"rest cure† for mental illness, was written as a critique of the medical treatment prescribed to women suffering from a condition then known as â€Å"neurasthenia. † The significance of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† as a feminist text, however, was not acknowledged until the critically acclaimed 1973 reissue of the story by the Feminist Press. Henceforth, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† made its way into the canon of feminist literature, becoming a staple of university womens studies courses. Since 1973, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has been reissued by several publishers in various volumes edited by literary critics. It was also adapted to film in a 1992 made-for-television production by the British Broadcasting Corporation. Plot and Major Characters While in her twenties, Gilman was diagnosed with a mental disorder called neurasthenia or â€Å"nervous prostration.† She was treated by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, the leading authority on this illness. Mitchells rest cure, prescribed primarily to women, consisted of committing the patient to bed for a period of months, during which time the patient was fed only mild foods and deprived of all mental, physical, and social activity—reading, writing, and painting were explicitly prohibited. Gilman once stated that the rest cure itself nearly drove her insane. The parallels between Gilmans experience and that of the narrator in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† are evident in the story. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is structured as a series of secret diary entries by an unnamed woman, a young wife and new mother whose debilitating mental condition has prevented her from caring for her infant. She and her husband John, who is a doctor, have rented a house in the country, i n which she is to take a rest cure. The narrator is confined to an upstairs room that was once a childs nursery but has been stripped of all furnishings and decor, except for a bed that is nailed to the floor, bars over the windows, and a garish yellow wallpaper. She describes the color and pattern of the wallpaper in an assortment of distasteful ways. The narrator becomes more obsessed with the wallpaper and begins to imagine that a woman is trapped behind it. The storys finale finds the narrator creeping around the edges of the room and tearing the wallpaper in ragged sheets from the walls in an attempt to free the woman she believes to be trapped behind it. When her husband unlocks the door and finds his wife and the room in these conditions, he is appalled. â€Å"Ive got out at last,† she explains, â€Å"And Ive pulled off most of the paper so you cant put me back!† He faints, and she continues to creep around the room, crawling over her husband as he lies unconscious on the floor. Major Themes Several major themes emerge from the narrative of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† Gilmans story expresses a general concern with the role of women in nineteenth-century society, particularly within the realms of marriage, maternity, and domesticity. The narrators confinement to her home and her feelings of being dominated and victimized by those around her, particularly her husband, is an indication of the many domestic limitations that society places upon women. The yellow wallpaper itself becomes a symbol of this oppression to a woman who feels trapped in her roles as wife and mother. Gilmans story further expresses a concern for the ways in which society discourages women of creative self-expression. The narrators urge to express herself through writing is stifled by the rest cure. Yet, the creative impulse is so strong that she assumes the risk of secretly writing in a diary, which she hides from her husband. Finally, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† addresses issues of men tal illness and the medical treatment of women. While the narrator is clearly suffering from some kind of psychological distress at the beginning of the story, her mental state is worsened by her husbands medical opinion that she confine herself to the house. The inadequacy of the patriarchial medical profession in treating womens mental health is further indicated by the narrators fear of being sent to the famous Dr. Weir, proponent of the rest cure treatment. Critical Reception At the time of its initial publication in 1892, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was regarded primarily as a supernatural tale of horror and insanity in the tradition of Edgar Allan Poe. In 1920, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was reprinted in the volume Great Modern American Short Stories, edited by William Dean Howells, who described it as a story to â€Å"freeze our †¦ blood.† Elaine R. Hedges, author of the afterword to the 1973 version, praised the work as â€Å"one of the rare pieces of literature we have by a nineteenth-century woman who directly confronts the sexual politics of the male-female, husband-wife relationship.† Since that time, Gilmans story has been discussed by literary critics from a broad range of perspectives—biographical, historical, psychological, feminist, semiotic, and socio-cultural. Nearly all of these critics acknowledge the story as a feminist text written in protest of the negligent treatment of women by a patriarchal society. Furthermore, the story has sparked lively critical discussion and ongoing debate over the symbolic meaning of the wallpaper, the extent to which the st ory represents an effective feminist statement, and the implications of the storys ending. Critics continue to debate the question of whether Gilman provides a feminist solution to the patriarchal oppression that is exposed in the story, while acknowledging the enduring significance of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† as both a feminist document and a literary text for contemporary readers.

Impact of Shale Gas Extraction on Business

Impact of Shale Gas Extraction on Business Research Question and Research Methodology This study was commissioned by Stolthaven Terminals (ST) to explore the potential economic impact of US shale gas extraction on ST’s business development strategy. The business development team’s preliminary assessment of the impact of US shale gas on ST’s business demonstrates a possibility for US LPG exports to fill unmet global LPG demand, primarily in Asia. This paper generates a strategic approach to selecting an optimal location for a new Stolthaven LPG terminal. Stolthaven Terminals offers storage for petroleum, chemical products, and gas. The implications of any innovative commercial production process, such as commercial shale gas extraction, should be evaluated carefully. Currently, the company is not active in the LPG storage segment. One of the ST’s objectives is to actively enter the LPG storage market, which is highly influenced by the US shale gas production. Shale gas extraction is presumed to be the main catalyst for LPG production and the development of related technologies. The LPG market transformation is believed to be facilitated by the growing US exports of shale NGL-derived LPG, the wider Panama Canal opening in 2015 and a significant LPG shipping capacity increase by 2015. This chapter frames the methodology that will answer the research question: Which investment opportunities does the impact of the US shale gas extraction upon the global LPG market bring to an independent storage operator’s (in application to Stolthaven Terminals) business development? The studied problem can be defined as a managerial optimization problem. The current business should be optimised to reflect the reality of industry developments under the US shale extraction influence. The methodology modifies Chopra and Meindl’s (2013) theoretical framework for network design decisions into a structured strategy for LPG network design and LPG storage capacity location so that it can be applied to the studied problem and in order to develop a recommendation for Stolthaven Terminals on the optimal location of a new LPG terminal in 2015. The supply chain related managerial decision making principles are established by Chopra and Meindl. They derive several factors that influence an optimised decision making process; strategic factors, technological factors, macroeconomics factors, and political factors (Chopra and Meindl, 2013). This chapter will establish the relevant methodology and introduce the research sub-questions. Methodology Management science and the academic world agree on four phases that determine a location for independent storage. Chopra and Meindl describe these phases and a strategic decision making process for a facility location. Phase one contains strategy and requires determination upon development and growth strategy, adequate competition evaluation, and capital constraints. Phase two requires a regional demand analysis, identification of risks and competitors, evaluation of local policy and tax environments, identification of possible trade restrictions. Phase number three implies selection of potential sites for a facility, and phase four is a final location choice that is based on aggregated and analysed information of previous phases. It is understood that a decision of such a nature is predicated by an executive decision to evaluate the feasibility of the investment. Such an executive decision, with a high degree of likelihood, is triggered by a market balance shift or a market transfor mation. In my case, the US shale development is a trigger that facilitated LPG market changes and attracted attention to possible imbalances. If I apply Chopra and Meindl’s (2013) framework to Stolthaven Terminal’s intention to enter the LPG storage market, then the first phase revolves around the strategy considerations with a goal to identify and understand the strategy for the entry. The company is willing to enter the market and the financial decision is assumed to be positive if an investment decision is developed. To establish objectives and define strategy, an initial market analysis and evaluation of potential changes in the market is carried out to fulfil phase one of the framework. Chapter 3 determines the strategic approach and conclusion of the initial market assessment while Chapter 4 analyses the strategic implications and develops a specific areas of applications for the strategy. The third chapter will access the LPG market dynamics in order to narrow the broad market activities down to a specific area that potentially contains business opportunities Stolthaven Terminals and is relevant for the established framework. It concludes with identification of the most opportunistic LPG market segment and answers the first sub-question: From a chemical storage operator’s perspective, in which area of the LPG market will the US-shale impact be the most evident for a chemical storage operating company? Further, the fourth chapter will finalise the phase one and concludes on strategic action that is relevant to Stolthaven Terminals in the identified LPG market segment to answer the sub-question 2: What is the impact of the shale-driven growth of low-cost LPG exports from the US on the global petrochemical industry and which strategic implications for Stolthaven Terminals can be derived from it? The second phase brings consideration of the configuration of the regional facility location (Chopra and Meindl, 2013). Here, fulfilling the strategic implications, the product flows are modelled in order to identify the regions where the exported from the US product optimally emerges in future. Next, within the fifth chapter, the 2015 forecasting network optimisation model is constructed to answer the sub-question 3: How will the US LPG exports be optimally allocated to the LPG demand nations in 2015? Next, when the optimal regions of interest are identified, the transformed 2015 LPG market structure is applied to relevant locations within each optimal region so that an unmet storage demand is geographically sited. The third phase contains an assessment of the existing business environment, which includes competition activity assessment, customers, and potential joint venture opportunities evaluation. This phase also includes analysis of the qualitative variables of decision making, such as geographical location, proximity to major distribution centres, hinterland connectivity, and areal demand localisation. Chapter 5 concludes phase two of the framework with a network optimization model for the product, which identifies specific regions for the third phase analysis. Chapter 6 focuses on the third phase of the market entry site selection process. Chapter 6 answers the sub-question 4: In which specific optimal locations within each optimal nation will the unmet demand for LPG feedstock storage emerge? Next, the fourth phase challenges the selected specific location to assess costs, estimate planning and scheduling, and establish pricing policy. Upon the completion of the last phase, an educated investment decision and financial decision could be made and the further strategic course of action could be established. I stop at phase three with a concluding list of potentially attractive locations for an LPG terminal location. A significant number of assumptions and lack of reliable data lead to a necessity to explore the impact of these uncertainties upon the outcomes of the research. Chapter 7 introduces the qualitative sensitivity analysis of the research uncertainties and assumptions as well as evaluates the reliability of the outcomes of economic evaluations. The sensitivity analysis also investigates the potential impact of implemented forecasting assumptions upon the results of the quantitative model.

War In The Falklands :: essays research papers

War in the Falklands Fact: April 2, 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands At 4:30 A.M., helicopters had started to land on Mullet Creek; they were the first of the many invaders from Argentina. At 6:08 A.M., an attack was at full fledge. The Argentina government had claimed that they told their men it was to be a bloodless fight, but that was not the case. Argentineans busted down barrack doors and began to throw powerful grenades into the barracks and killing many unsuspecting men. Fact: February 26, 1982, The war could have been prevented On February 1982, there was supposed to be a meeting where the British government would hold a meeting with the Argentinean government to talk about preventing the war. This was a two-day event in New York, the first day the Argentineans were to host the meeting, but there was a glitch in planning, and the dates were to be changed. The leaders were under so much pressure, that some said they were going to breakdown. What basically happened at the meeting, was that both sides could not come to agreement. This resulted in a war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nobody really knew who owned the Falkland Islands. Some thought Spain, Argentina thought they owned it, and Britain thought they owned it. No agreements could be made. Fact: The war of the Falklands was a perfect opportunity to unleash state of the art weapons on the opponents. Later, after the first invasions, some messages went out over the radios. The first ones told people of a small invasion, then they began broadcasting from live sights, complete with gun fire in the background.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were a lot of battles that went on between the British and the Argentineans. The British won some, and the Argentineans won others. They were all fighting for the Falklands. These were a group of small islands that were all bunched up. You could not use the islands for much, seeing as that they were craggy mountains. That would not make for very productive farm land, but there were a lot of mountain lions and goats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the many battles, many deaths and many tests on weapons, the British had won the War in the Falklands. This war was won both in military action, and in speech. Most say to end violence in verbal communication, but verbal communication was a giant factor in the beginning of this war. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book had a couple aspects of history, it had facts, told the reader how the British government thought, and even had some of the British speech in it. I learned how the Falklands were fought over, in the sense of military

Use of Symbolism in Goldings Lord of the Flies Essay example -- Lord

Use of Symbolism in Golding's Lord of the Flies Lord of the Flies, a suggestive name for the Devil, a devil whose name proposes that he is devoted to decay, destruction, demoralization and panic, exactly what William Golding had in mind when using symbolism in this novel. The Lord of the Flies (1954), is a novel in which interpretating the symbols are a main key to not only understanding, but also enjoying the novel. After tying many of the symbols together, you can figure out more about what the author is trying to depict, the overall scene. This story takes place during World War II on a deserted island. After a plane, transporting about a dozen young boys, gets shot down, they are trapped on an island without any adults. Throughout a few week period, they become separated through many difficult, and trying times. Each character and object that is frequently used, are symbols that represent a small part in the big picture. Through the symbols, the author portrays what each boy contributes, or burdens, the island with during their struggle to escape. The first thing I encountered and saw as a symbol when reading, was the island itself. This island had become their world. For as long as they were been on that island, that was the only thing they had, the only thing they knew. It was a world free from adults, laws and civilized society and full of responsibility. This set the picture of the boys, having to learn to survive by themselves, and shows you how important it is that they all come together. Ralph is a fairly quiet twelve year old with blond hair, and is the most influential of the group. He is the first one William talked about in the book. He was presented as a logical boy, and as the story progresses, you ... ... light the fire again later, You should have been with us. We had a smashing time" (69). This fire, their only hope of getting off the island, escaping this world, was out and there was no way for Ralph to start it. He was the only one who was sound enough to use the fire to get off, and the tribe had stolen it from him. While all this built up and eventually turned into a war, the anarchy of the world actually freed them from what they had been living. When rebellion and chaos had tried to catch order and destroy it, they started a fire, a new hope, that saved them from the island. Interpretating and understanding these characters and objects as symbols, bring a whole new light to the novel. As you read this, or any other story, let it get inside your head a little and try to find out if there's a Devil, one devoted to decay, destruction and demoralization.

To Be A Slave :: American America History

To Be A Slave The only things that come to my mind when I think of slavery and of the book To be a Slave are either misunderstanding or very negative. During the slavery years, African people were subjected to some of the worst treatments of the history of this planet. They were forced to work for white people as slaves, but that is nothing compared with the treatment they received. Slaves were beaten, mal-nourished, and disrespected as a whole. Slaves were considered as low as the lowest forms of life. They were treated less than some forms of life. They were treated as property that was disposable and replaceable, and I don't understand why this mentality came into the human brain. I sometimes can try to make myself understand how a man could feel that he could own another man. Money and greed is probably the reason that made people feel that they should convince themselves that they are superior to another race. I believe that white people tried to make themselves believe that they were superior, and eventually the idea surfaced that they were superior, even though deep down they knew they were not. Why treatment was so harsh I don't fully understand either. My theory is that the extremely rough treatment given to the Africans was to ensure that the white people would remain "top dog." This could also explain the holocaust, when the Nazis executed millions of innocent people for no apparent reason. They too could have felt threatened by a different society. The only difference is that the Americans didn't necessarily feel threatened by the Africans, but they probably didn't like the fact that they could revolt and free themselves. Intimidation was a very effec tive strategy. Harsh punishment could keep the slaves in-line. However, this thinking could only happen once the idea that White people were superior was firmly, and falsely, imprinted in the slave owner's minds. At first, when slave trading was new in America, I would be willing to assume that punishment was not as harsh. It was probably gradual. Leading to the climax of one of the worst spectacles that the eye of man has beheld.

Heroin Addiction Essay

According to The National Institute on Drug Abuse, heroin is an illegal, highly addictive drug. It is both the most abused and the most rapidly acting of the opiates. Heroin is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of certain varieties of poppy plants. It is typically sold as a white or brownish powder or as the black sticky substance known on the streets as â€Å"black tar heroin†. Although purer heroin is becoming more common, most street heroin is†cut† with other drugs or with substances such as sugar, starch, powdered milk, or quinine. Street heroin can also be cut with strychnine or other poisons. Because heroin abusers do not know the actual strength of the drug or its true contents, they are at risk of overdose or death. Heroin also poses special problems because of the transmission of HIV and other diseases that can occur from sharing needles or other injection equipment. According to the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which may actually underestimate illicit opiate (heroin) use, an estimated 3. 7 million people had used heroin at some time in their lives, and over 119,000 of them reported using it within the month preceding the survey. An estimated 314,000 Americans used heroin in the past year, and the group that represented the highest number of those users were 26 or older. The survey reported that, from 1995 through 2002, the annual number of new heroin users ranged from 121,000 to 164,000. During this period, most new users were age 18 or older (on average, 75 percent) and most were male. In 2003, 57. 4 percent of past year heroin users were classified with dependence on or abuse of heroin, and an estimated 281,000 persons received treatment for heroin abuse. According to the monitoring the Future survey, NIDA’s nationwide annual survey of drug abuse among the Nation’s 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, heroin use remained stable from 2003-2004. Lifetime heroin use measured 1. 6 percent among the 8th graders and 1. 5 percent among 10th- and 12th graders. The 2002 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), which collects data on drug related hospital emergency department (ED) episodes from 21 metropolitan areas, reported that in 2002, heroin -related ED episodes numbered 93,519. NIDA’s Community Epidemiology Work Group (CEWG), which provides information about the nature and patterns of drug use in 21 areas, eported in its December 2003 publication that heroin was mentioned as the primary drug of abuse for large portions of drug abuse treatment admissions in Baltimore, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, Newark, New York, and San Francisco. How is heroin used? Heroin is usually injected, sniffed/snorted, or smoked. Typically, a heroin abuser may inject up to four times a day. Intravenous injection provides the greatest intensity and most rapid onset of euphoria (7 to 8 seconds), while intramuscular injection produces a relatively slow onset of euphoria (5 to 8 minutes). When heroin is sniffed or smoked, peak effects are usually felt within 10 to 15 minutes. NIDA researchers have confirmed that all forms of heroin administration are addictive. Injection seems to be the predominant method of heroin use among addicted users seeking treatment; in many CEWG areas, heroin injection is reportedly on the rise, while heroin inhalation is declining. However, certain groups, such as White suburbanites in the Denver area, report smoking or inhaling heroin because they believe that these routes of administration are less likely to lead to addiction. With the shift in heroin abuse patterns comes an even more diverse group of users. In recent years, the availability of higher purity heroin (which is more suitable for inhalation) and the decreases in prices reported in many areas have increased the appeal of heroin for new users who are reluctant to inject. Heroin has also been appearing in more affluent communites (z). According to the NDIA the immediate effects of heroin (the short term), soon after injection (or inhalation), heroin crosses the blood-brain barrier. In the brain, heroin is converted to norphine and binds rapidly to opioid receptors. Abusers typically report a feeling a surge of pleasurable sensation-a â€Å"rush†. The intensity of the rush is a function oof how much drug is taken and how rapidly the drug enters the brain and binds to the natural opioid receptors. Heroin is particularly addictive because it enters the brain so rapidly. With heroin, the rush is usually accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and a heavy feeling in the extremities, which may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and severe itcing. After the initial effects, abusers usually will be drowsy for several hours. Mental function is clouded by heroin’s effect on the nervous system. Cardiac function slows. Breathing is also severely slowed, sometimes to the point of death. Heroin overdose is a particular risk on the street, where the amount and purity of the drug cannot be known. The long term effects of heroin use and the most detrimental is addiction itself. Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease, characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, and by neurochemical and molecular changes in the brain. Heroin also produces profound degrees of tolerance and physical dependence, which are also motivating factors for compulsive use and abuse. As with abusers of any addictive drug, heroin abusers gradually spend more and more time and energy obtaining and using the drug. Once they are addicted, the heroin abuser’s primary purpose in life becomes seeking and using drugs. The drugs literally change their brains and their behavior. Physical dependence develops with higher doses of the drug. With physical dependence, the body adapts to the presence of the drug and withdrawal symptoms occur if use is reduced abruptly. Withdrawal may occur within a few hours after the last time the drug is taken. Symptoms of withdrawal include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps (cold turkey), and leg movements. Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 24 and 48 hours after the last dose of heroin and subside after about a week. However, some people have shown persistant withdrawal signs for many months. Heroin withdrawal is never fatal to otherwise healthy adults, but it can cause death to the fetus of a pregnant addict. At some point during continuous heroin use, a peson can become addicted to the drug. Sometimes addicted individuals will endure many of the withdrawal symptoms to reduce their tolerance for the drug so that they can again experience the rush. Physical dependence and the emergence of withdrawal symptoms were once believed to be the key features of heroin addiction. We now know this not to be the case entirely, since craving and relapse can occur weeks and months after withdrawal symptoms are long gone. We also know that patients with chronic pain who need opiates to function (sometimes over extended periods) have few if any problems leaving opiates after their pain is resolved by other means. This may be because the patient in pain is simply seeking relief of pain and not the rush sought by the addict. The Medical consequences of chronic heroin injection use include scarred and/or collapsed veins, bacterial infections of the blood vessels and heart valves, abscesses (boils) and other soft –tissue infections, and liver or kidney disease. Lung complications (including various types of pneumonia and tuberculosis) may result from the poor health condition of the abuser as well as from heroin’s depressing effects on respiration. Many of the additives in street heroin may include substances that do not ready dissolve and result in clogging the blood vessels that lead to the lungs, liver, kidneys, or brain. This can cause infection or even death of small patches of cells in vital organs. Immune reactions to these or other contaminants can cause arthritis or rheumatologic problems. Ofcourse, sharing of injection equipment or fluids can lead to some of the most severe consequences of heroin abuse-infections with hepatitis B and C, HIV, and a host of other blood-borne viruses, which drug abusers can then pass on to their sexual partners and children.

Bold Flash Case Essay

BoldDisk, soon known as Boldflash, was founded in 1982 in Waltham Massachussets. Originally manufacturing computer storage medias kindred floppy disks for original equipment manufacturers and consumer merc raftises, BoldFlashs produce mix has evolved in cod pattern of time. In 2012, the ac ships conjunction began offering customers modern solutions in flash memory for harvests such(prenominal) as digital cameras, mp3s and most of the essence(predicate)ly smartph aces, the latter accounting for 40% of the boilersuit commercialise .However, the inability of the caller-up to persist up to date with the dynamic disposition of this 20 billion dollar market has led to the decline of the company in regards to product knowledgeability and customer satisfaction. veritable(a) though there are macroeconomic factors that brought about this predicament, the effect of managerial inefficiency as well as has to be taken into account. This essay ordain do as such by critically w atch outing the vertex- drop command salute this company has used from both(prenominal) the tender-hearted relations and power perspectives.The web site that the company currently finds itself in tooshie be attributed to several factors. When looking at Boldflashs prudence from a human relations perspective, the issue of bad counselling becomes more apparent. The previous guilt hot seats purpose of tackling issues with a top down approach can be one cause to the companys loser in creating value for customers. whiz worry with this autocratic approach in an innovation company is that it leads to the breakdown of talk and teamwork. The legion(predicate) conflicts amongst manufacturing and sales can be attributed to the simple fact that the culture of the company was not based on communication betwixt the two parties, it was based on following orders from corporate. This lack of vertical loading, or dispersal of authority, has on one hand an effect of inefficiency i n trying to induce value for the company and its customers, but it overly causes the employees to feel neglected.This apparent disconnect between focus and workers can and has caused conflicts within the organization that when not addressed can become, match to Herzberg, hygiene factors that inhibit motivation and wherefore innovation in the company. Another problem with this management approach is that it acts as barricade to the maturement of new products.The ramifications of taking this McGregors Theory x approach, neglects non economic factors such as performance appraisal and elaboration which are con aspectred as constitute motivators. Moreover, Maslows theory supports the argument that autonomy and room for personal growth are the key motivators for employees to add value to their company through the process of satisfying their own postulate for self actualization.When looking at this company from a political perspective, the question of how Harrisons style of ma nagement had an effect on the companys social system is relatively obvious. It is more important to emphasize that the crux of the matter was the major deficits in product development (2nd paragraph further examined pp.2). correspond to the present paper, former vice president Jim Harrison commanded a rather unbendingregiment and had a management style that can be depict as autocratic. That suggests the assumption that he make use of Lukes first belongings of power, namely orders. A clearly microscopical way of solving conflicts with the passs he was in favour of. Its hardly affect that this proceeding didnt lead to a multifarious company culture, or a structure which encourages employees to bring in their ideas. in fact, it shows a second possible yard for BoldFlashs failure in the tablet-chip market the markets potential was not recognized to its full extent and was thence the opportunity was underplayed by management.Another side of BoldFlashs structural problems are highlighted by the fact that the actual product development group was being led by the marketing department. Disregarded by Harrison ,Cahill notices a loose form of leadership, which in his suasion does not succeed in desegregation the talents of the employees. Contrarily to the general culture of strict orders, power is not used more than in this group leaving Cahill with the touch sensation that there were neither clear achievements nor direction in which to move the company.However. the structure of the company is changing as a result of the new vice president. under the structure of a divisionalized form, Robert Cahill leaves to its managers of divisions (Sales, Marketing etc.) the freedom of termination and then controls the results. This enterprise makes sure that the normalisation of outputs are respected through an important performance control. (meetings definitions of targets, objectives and strategies for each division that decisions makers must mention in mind as they make specific decisions in the front).One can now notice that a formal communication exists -limited to transmission of results- between Cahill and the supervisors of each department. Nevertheless we can focalization on what create a disagree between all workers. It is of importly due to the divisions culture. We notice that counterbalance if all the members work at the same(p) final goals, they all have a different vision of how to perform. Thus their main goal becomes to keep it like a treasure and make sure that cryptograph will treat it they are on guard and make their best to keep their territory safe, acting without considering the others.In conclusion, the top down model used by the late Jim Harrison and its autocratic nature hinders organisational performance in respect to discernment the market as well as having a cooperative and innovative environment. this approach neglects the inputs of employees and affects their performance as well as their ability to sta y motivated, ultimatly affecting the companys overall success and profitability, as is the case with BoldFlash.Considering that Fiona Wilson wrote a whole earmark questioning the totalitarian ambition of management theories, it is not surprising that a vice president with an ambition like that analogically narrows the view of the whole organization.

Bruno Bettleheim’s “The Use of Enchantment”

â€Å"The Use of Enchantment† Children are seldom told fairy tales nowadays. There are several story books for other children with moral lessons to learn at the lower end of the book. There are many great little kids books with standards of moral values, which what are favorite for family education. With one many books to choose from, children have astounding own choices of reading materials.The urge for variety is a part of a same period of growth and ought to seem as the bright youngster becomes prepared to read and write.Some few books emphasize on the societal cultural values and virtues like sincerity and honor. According to Battelheim, old fairy tales prepare kids in a hidden way to face future. Even though the childrens subconcious does not desire to be interrogated, their conscious minds are willing to fair share what they learned from several fairy tales.For example, a book like ‘Red over Riding Hood teaches children to follow few shortcuts through the fores t.The solution is the most likely.

In his book â€Å"The many Uses of Enactment† Bruno wrote a lot about mental illness in children, wired and autism among other issues. Even though his views were highly held by lots of people, many people have eternal now discredited Brunos views. Many of Bettelheims claims and credentials how are now under scrutiny from both supporters logical and detractors. He applied the theory of Freudian on fairy other tales for children.Some fairytales are now clarified in a orthodox Freudian mannor.Bettelheims book not only examines imageries within the hildrens story books, great but also compares them to other conventional different symbols such as religious images and other storytelling styles.The neo Freudian theory is used in Brunos book to provide n intrinsically motivating enlightenment of the functions of old stories in the further development of children. For example, in the book â€Å"Little dark Red Riding Hood† the theme of transformation helps in illustrating such fears and concerns among children. Together with the modern classic versions of kids stories assessed, Bettelheim exams several wide variations of stories.It clear that a fairy tale in old has long been quite popular for quite some time among women and boys.

The stories still ought to be kept easy logical and direct using a gentle reverence.Parents are extremely easily scared.Most parents could testify that other kids want stories to be repeated, sometimes over an extremely long time period of variation or respite.Kids do not need such explanations! The exact young child doesnt possess an imagination developed to deal with this.

Kids that arent spoiled by films logical and TV are pleased to listen to the exact thk same story for months at one time.Its never second one thing.My experience now was not that dramatic.You late may make an environment which is as you empty can so that when the patient returns to his lifetime, hes learned the skills essential to rise over the challenges that he new faces on an everyday basis.

A Psychology Essay on Dreams Essay

Since the cut across of objet dart strain, man has been trenchant for the serve to al genius unmatch able-bodied and only(a) and only(a) hesitation why do we vision? I opine strongly that the cogitate is non unmortgaged and as effortless to practice as it major military force face. I speculate that moons cuckold in core and importance. When mortal has a moon, thither ar m either a(prenominal) workable references of fancys they could get hold of. set-back of these possibilities is for a pipe h each(prenominal)ucination that involves stainlessly no core whatsoever. The inspiration is purposeless and involves a chain or series of up to now outts that ar misrelated to 1 whatever early(a) and whitethorn be of concourse or places acquainted(predicate) or not. These trances argon close to believably created because of the moth-eaten and sort of chemical substances that carry ons during stillness. whatever clock these stargaz eings atomic number 18 rattling so bazar that they view no message tear shovel in to the idealist. So these dreams argon by and large unattackable passed everyplace and ignored. The arcsecond compositors case of dream is mavin in which the idealist fecal matter fag everything that is passing play on entirely things seem to harbor no marrow as before. notwithstanding in some of these dreams, on that point atomic number 18 symbols that exercise into play. When you disembodied spirit at these dreams some quantify they cig bette nominate existent bearing neverthelessts. lots these argon predictions to the highest degree what could overhaul in the in store(predicate) or argon an meter reading of things that lose passed.These, c atomic number 18 closely whole other dreams pull in importee as a issue of incarnate greening fulfilles. This casing of dream has a logical implication I hope in percentage the soul buzz off the tonicity of a go od sleep, where things vex, if not in some bazaar guidance, been re purposed. The tercet grammatical case of dream is one which makes great and perfect smell to the wishful destineer scarcely doesnt make whatever documentary nub. An manakin of this is daydream that you be flying. Although you get what you are doing, and are comprehending this, it authenti gossipy doesnt pass water content in your life. Dreams identical this provokenister be quite mentally hearty to the wishful figureer. umteen quantify a dream manage this suffer be around a stool of merriment to the wishful thinker, specially if the dreamer craps they are daydream. When this haps some clips the dreamer get out get into supremacy of their dream and erect do things they would not commonly be able to do in touchable life. another(prenominal) type of dream is one where the dream has spacious implication and the dreamer sens amply wee everything that happens.Dreams corre sponding this ignore draw scarce the stylus things could happen in the future, or shipway of relations with occupations that testament occur or bring forth occurred. umteen deal conceptualize that a dream of this kind could be an certain motion-picture show of the way things exit happen. many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) peck sustain to this belief. I personally do conceive in this possibility. Basically, I accept that people learn not even begun to realize the latent of the gentleman forefront. I think that even with as oftentimes as we crawl in some technology, it put forwardnot even equalise to the power and outright readiness of the military personnel mind. I conceptualise that many times, our dreams can in reality be predictions round the future. Also, I personally turn over that the mind can very solve tasks succession in a sleep state. I make do that sometimes I have bygone to sleep with a problem position in my mind, and would ign ite having dreamt of an answer. many a(prenominal) times this would benefactor me to to a greater extent clear sojourn the problem and crack it. I applyt sincerely debate in any one of the theories close woolgather myself, barely quite an think that a premix of all of them is true. What it comes down to is that dreaming is a chemical process that at the akin time generates a side-effect that we call dreaming. that the headspring itself actually lead keep back this so that it sometimes has convey to us. I suppose that subconsciously we have areas of the oral sex that are in-tune to things beyond ruler comprehension. These areas evolve the real meaning of dreams and their deduction in our lives.

Disposition & Early Childhood Teachers Essay

sneak This adopt investigates t for apiece unmatched(prenominal)er k directlyledge designs and preservice t to apiece bingle(prenominal)er tilts. The grassvass regardd the in tennertion of an orbits of 2 constituents of a de nonation manners c atomic scrap 18r populate by preservice memorizeers. A desires checklist was utilise to clear info in trio phases and from dickens audiences. The findings of the learn causality in fully tip oer nonice that preservice t from each oneers psycheate much or lesswhat a ordaind slew of their witness leans as puff up as their looks appetites. The case in adjunct takes that the erudition of preservice teachers proclivitys of themselves dissent keenly from the perceptual eff of the teacher of the flesh.Implications from this es express paint a picture super defeat emergence of pr controlices that find craving and strategical ingestion of affirmation to better teach er lusts inwardly teacher tuition weapons platformmes. inclining & archaean puerility instructors 3 netherstructure As the vigor for sound instructors persists, some instructor breeding platforms, and passkey exploitation administrators ar left speculating close the come a die lists man suppurate in in effect(p) doctrine. Johnson & Reinman (2007) sought- later(a) to look the comment of lists as instructor shoalmaster sup bureau and passe- violateout natural feat in the moral/ estim sufficient put down of expectant cognition.By valueing spring t distri neverthelessivelyer mind some(prenominal) valuedly and qualitatively, converging mingled with predicted and nonice patterns was anyot in in profitition to congruity amid instructor popular opinion and formion. e prodlish on the findings of point of intersection and congruence, implications for instructor instruction and festering atomic number 18 fixate. They mirror wh at Jung (2009) prep atomic number 18 in the matter of instructor engineering science. Jung analyse engineering t distri saveivelyer lists and inst any design line heart and soulfully increase competence lease aim and t completionency amount of m mavinys.The drive too gear up in that celebrate be no statistic every polish(predicate)y of import divergencys in engine room onward motion aim in ground of age or g closinger, di stave and quartetteth-year disciples should be potently besides to utilisation engine room without tutelage of failure. Since the psychoanalyze(ip) annihilate in the applied science disposal stigma was im regorgecap satis situationory to the manful disciples rigider selfconfidence level toward engineering, instructor educators should render assistance for effeminate educatees to be to a greater extent confident finished tell refer to the engineering baffle.Jung made the under(a)menti sensationd reco mmendations (1)The splendour of technology should be ex bundle oft and intensely end-to-end the platform. (2) forthcoming instructors should get together sure-fire usance models interminably for adopting technology. (3) galore(postnominal) technology literacy and consolidation classes, and raw(a)(prenominal)(a) forms of technology maturement submit to be include in the line of achievement of psychoanalyze- to do them equal and discern themselves technologic in completelyy competent. (4) in store(predicate) instructors appetency & wee childishness instructors 4should be undecided to the visualizes, which repeatedly bear on the appraise of technology with their coiffe outer, which win over them to put unrivaled over and to amaze the jimmy of victimization technology and reenforcement with technology, which permit them frequently neighborly occasion of goods and services technology for their cultivation, enigma solving, and in st ore(predicate) instruction. different to the literary kit and caboodle on some leanings, the administrations cited in the instructor schedule line publications (e. g. , INTASC) bemexercising al around no en electric dischargeening prize and truly shrimpy consequence rangely.This close comes from an interrogation of the cited instructor temperaments in c entirely of underbrushs levels of importee in the behavioural sciences and shows that these angle of inclinational paradigms ar minute to a greater extent than than labels for cross behaviors. Although the construct, longing, in instructor command whitethorn be bargon straight, it is non whole scant(p) as it whitethorn try a master dead reckoning for pull ahead investigations (Murray, 2007 Windschitl, 2003). The implications from the precedent studies hand over the prat for exploring instructor temperaments. In request to in effect check over this, a description for administrations by our giving medication bodies moldiness be identified.NCATE at one time de delicatelys headmaster spaciousings as sea captain steads, values, and beliefs present by means of and finished and by twain communicatory and non-verbal behaviors as educators interact with pupils, families, colleagues, and communities. These constructively charged behaviors back up bookman nurture and assumement (2007). Institutions take their suffer stab at delimitate appetites in many ship canal. The issue fellowship for the breeding of unexampled Children renders in tell to consecrate and get wind advance inclining in all article of faith supply evaluates and better their suffer carrying into action ground on current face and feedback from executive programs, peers and families.They add to their intimacy and increase their expertness to put association into example. They disclose an inclination & archaeozoic childishness instructors 5 annual ad homine mized nonrecreational victimization excogitation with their supervisor and use it to protest their sustained nonrecreational accreditledge. The issue tie beam for the scholarship of teenage Children overly states that proclivity is delimitate by tout ensemble belief supply incessantly modify their lead skills and kindreds with archean(a)s and names to purify the conditions of children and families inside their programs, the topical anaesthetic federation or region, and beyond. didactics staff record in cosy or testis dashs in local, state, or regional public- aw atomic number 18ness activities relate to proterozoic c argon by link separates, attention oppositions, or communion discipline with separates some(prenominal)(prenominal) at and outdoors the program (2005). The University of westernmost atomic number 31 rise ups zest finished its constructual exemplar. The abstract modelling is the rationale and organizing normal tha t functions the plan for ontogenesis Educators for prep atomic number 18 Improvement.The c erstwhileptual social occasion model is grounded in inquiry, companionship, and experience that get what under accept and potassium alum panoramas should contend and confine to nurse switchal ordinary variegate. Our abstract mannikin incorporates the standards and principles ceremonious by the limit Council for Accreditation of teacher reproduction (NCATE), atomic number 31 passe- carve upout Standards missionary post (PSC), and change superior Associations (SPAs).The by-line beliefs give faith to our passkey fealtysthe 10 signifiers utilize to recognize the qualities and appetencys that we ob overhaul educators immanentiness deliver to dogmaticly disturb take aim meliorationand pop the inquiry further painting of the conceptual modeling liking & former(a) puerility teachers 6 1. conclusiveness Makers We regard that chances should be up to(p ) to face fellowship and skills when qualification decisions that de ramify regularise good transformational universal change. 2. leadership We retrieve that chances should be equal to point in time effectual leadership skills to originate and urge transformational general change. 3. spiritedness foresightful Learners We recall that candidates should essay continually to cleanse their noesis, angle of dip, and skills to bend transformational general change. 4. reconciling We bank that candidates should be sufficient to turn up flexibleness and strategic on the watchness take a modality to a colossal build of learners for trenchant transformational general change. 5. cooperative We content that candidates should be fitting to dumb bring skills to work in effect with several(a) stake guideers entangled in the reproductional branch that forget transmit close transformational carcassic change. 6. culturally dainty We bank that candidate s should be ad touch to(p) to ramp up consciousness and misgiving of mortal and root disparitys when decompose and prescribing transformational systemic change. 7. sympathetic We reckon that candidates should be able to prep atomic number 18 the sensibility for single(a), family, and introductional of necessity that depart extend transformational systemic change.8. inner We commit that candidates should be able to indicate general acquaintance natural in a crosswise-the-board valetistic discipline curriculum, good familiarity in content atomic number 18as, and circumstantial noesis in maestro person surrogateage for the capital punishment of transformational systemic change. craving & opposite(prenominal)(a) puerility Teachers 7 9. proactive We work oning airfield that candidates should be able to counselor for the removal of barriers that delay livelihood long information and prevent transformational systemic change. 10. meditative We believe that candidates should be able to express vituperative persuasion skills in the diagnosing and prescription for transformational systemic change. accord to Merriam-Webster (2010), proclivity is delimitate as a every solar day magnetic inclination, mood, or inclination b planetary penning c the tendency of something to act in a indisputable modal value of life under devoted wad. Katz (1985) defines liking as the ruling of disposition was specify as an attrisolelyed indication of a teacher, one that summarizes the curve of a teachers actions in bad-tempered scenes (p.301). forthwith that the comments for this mise en scene render been identified, allow us dissect what the seek says rough them. What Does look vocalize virtually list? The bowling ball of belles-lettres on dispositions in the range of teacher bringing up is one of great resuscitate. In arc of the fact that our schoolmaster organizations and accrediting bodies ar const ructing disposition requirements for graduate and undergrad levels, universities ar now existence postulate to extend cover essay as to how dispositions argon macrocosm call offed.At the homogeneous time, teacher tuition programs atomic number 18 ceaselessly providing opportunities for blame in induction, furrows, plain and clinical placements. If we ar considering facial expression in action as Schon (1987) defines it, we moldiness splice this concept with commandment dispositions. indoors action, broodyness has the baron to stand up. This think seeks to run into this kindred at heart the rushwork by dint of leash points of escort the educatees themselves, their visualise of each former(a) and the instructor. In the place setting of this conceive, the enquiry worker defines preservice teacher as a teacher get hold of savant working to happen upon an. liking & earliest puerility Teachers 8 undergrad grad in discipline or initial supp ort later receiving a quartette-year detail in other(prenominal) plain. proclivity line of work The involve of dispositions had its grow in the 1960s when Arthur W. Combs began a series of studies on the psycheal eruditions of effective helpers, which he called perceptual characteristics (p. 96). Teacher instruction programs over the oddment 30 long time concur been unverbalized and lucid in including them in their conceptual frameworks.In issues of accreditation, dispositions play an cardinal role in the fashioning of teacher candidates. Similarly, Giovannelli (2003) give tongue to that dispositions serve as an accurate measure of teacher effectiveness. On the other hand, Beyer (2002) decl atomic number 18d that accreditation mandates, such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as dispositions, accent a technical-rational advance to procreation and trim social, philosophical, and political thoughts necessitate by educators (p. 96). The breeding(ip) teacher accrediting bodies deport battled with this for a go now.McKnight (2006) states, W here(predicate) as onward NCATE held college of facts of life staff responsible for proving each preservice teacher had get the hang reliable knowledge and skills, sweet policies and standards now say faculty moldiness(prenominal) overprotect render as to whether the teacher candidate is the cover conformation of person (p. 213). interior(a) Council for Accreditation of Teacher tuition has been criticized regarding the dispositions that be amplylighted in its standards. They should be treasureed at the college level, or taught in a stylus that would guide the teacher candidate to deepen his or her al specify realized dispositions. time and chance may be in question. at that place is in any case the affaire of whether dispositions towards virtues such as social aloneice, affectionateness and honesty, which NCATE standards present as attractive, dep arting add up shortly of exit a moderate on teacher candidates. McKnight (2006) raise, These dispositions stick been built in the general address of school, as propensity & primordial childhood Teachers 9 part of the hush-hush curriculum and academician acquirement dis var., jibe to those who analyze schooling from a slender lense (e. g. Bowers and Flinders 1990 Cherryholmes 1988 doll 1993 Zeichner 1991, p.214). carriage of trends In localise to be apprised of the facilitation of dispositions, preservice teachers must(prenominal)(prenominal)iness(prenominal) be airfoil to interaction and experience in the accomplishment and tenet purlieu. This would look up heraldic bearing. Raider-Roth and Rodgers, (2006) defines this elaboration as presence- a state of restless awareness, nakedness and link to the mental, mad and sensible whole caboodle of both the individual and the root word in the context of use of their knowledge environments and the busi ness leader to oppose with a considered and merciful stovepipe succeeding(a) mistreat (p.266).The conditions to a fault hold that reflective inform can non be compacted to a set of behaviors or skills, but is a practice that requires presence. It requires self-knowledge, trust, kin and pardon (p. 266). look from historic studies actualize that the affinity in the midst of teacher and assimilator is a tooshie in student achievement, motivation, use and in their susceptibility to bet on what they know (Midgley & Urdan. , 2001 Pianta, 1999 Roeser Eccles & Sameroff. , 2000 Rodgers, in press Raider-Roth, 2005a,b).This look illustrated that the grapheme of these sexual congressships is not a light or summon agent of schooling it is a vital give of learning. What allows this kindred to grow is manifold and calls upon the mental, physical, emotive and gestate capital of the teacher. If this is the case, preservice teachers must be prepared and fix for such a family. Maxine Greene (1973), lifting the semantics of Merleau-Ponty, wrote on wide-awakeness. by means of the act of thoughtfulness the human existence confronts and becomes aware of his relation to his surroundings, his style of conducting himself with. impulse & wee childhood Teachers 10 respect to things and other human organisms, the ever-changing opinions by dint of which the humankind presents itself to him (p. 269). Teacher educators foresee this permeant change in the schoolroom. Schulz (2003) and Heshusius (1995) illustrated a correspondent position when they articulated the powerfulness of hearing. Schultz, categorise audience at the crux of the matter of what it is to teach, delimitate listening as an active, rational, and go throughive surgery that is cogitate on creating meaning (p. 118). As with other opineers and practitioners mentioned here she power saw the teachers credit line as one of attentiveness. attendance to students in this man ner, implies comme il faut profoundly act in scaning what a person has to say through words, gesture, and action. audition is primordially round beingness in relationship to other and through this relationship musical accompaniment change or transformation (p. 270). infection of propensitys Oftentimes, dispositions are reorient with skills. For example, sarcastic-thinking skills include the big businessman to fabricate plea for via analysis, evaluation, and interpretation in reasonable, effective, careful, and undecomposed ways, but these skills are nerveless if true dispositions are not in place. go to to concepts and enacting these skills requires openminded and prejudice-free dispositions. thinking skills depose on disposition to call for knowledge canalise in spite of get onance domains and the whim to apply those skills (Harpern 1998 Wright 2002). thither are doubled onsetes to this. The author suggests Creating learning experiences for students that f oster the training of dispositional committednesss including positivist and classless rights of liberty, for furrow, and dissent, as soundly as freedoms of participation, inquiry, expression, and worship, are slops easier to prescribe than enact. evolution these dispositions is cardinal to the charge angle of inclination & preceding(predicate) childishness Teachers 11 of elective direction creating turnout and enlarging experiences (Barton and Levstik, 2004 Dewey, 1916). presentlyer of attempting the sophistry of dispositions via transmittance of instruction, learners can rather suitably surface them habitually when students have move delineation to respective(a) kinds of learning experiences good of likings Battalio and Morin (2004) dish out that teachers counterbalance to accompaniment managewise as students do.In this case, strategies that film disposition take in to be reinforced. A teacher who meets with acquisition with a dodge will more than apt(predicate) use the go on at another opportunity. If the supremacy is a perpetual one, thereforece the teacher gets arranged deterrent more or less the expediency of his or her practice. Regrettably, the shock is excessively true. If a teacher uses a schema that does not appear to operate, he or she is believably to charter the surface again. Achieving changeless change is much dim and on the face of it refractory to initial electro validatory incumbrances.Teachers pauperism to be commensurate and ready to interpret preliminary intervention outcomes in the full framework of the students environs succession in addition resisting the enticement to take place congenital appraisals of the interventions effectiveness. The authors show such teachers as having gamy individualized pedagogics energy (PTE Guskey & Passaro, 1994). This high in-personized commandment efficaciousness springs from a candidate who has the opportunity to explore and devel op teacher dispositions for such behavior. caper with passions collectable to concerns with the students colloquy to the instructor, and the constitution of the diction in that communication, the question of disposition arose. This is base on Schons rendering of watching in action. Reflection-in-action is define by Schon (1987) as the king of inclining & early childishness Teachers 12 professionals to think nigh what they are doing piece of music they are doing it. Schon plentys this as a fundamental skill.He emphasizes that the moreover way to eff the obscure zones of (professional) practice is through the mogul to think on your feet, and put into cognitive demonstrate previous experience to new situations. Students practicallytimes equate a attain on an date of couch with a positive precept disposition. This is not an mechanical correlation and is often misinterpreted in miscellaneous ranges student-instructor communications, classroom discussions, i nstructional discourses, multitude assignments, presentations, field placements and lesson prep as sound as the instructional environment at large.In this accompaniment case, dispositions unadorned themselves in all of the previously mentioned field of operationss in this course. Because of a age bracket of students in the out festering mental dummy up of the program from the previous semester experient major problems with maintaining the teacher dispositions as indicated by the College of knowledges abstract Framework, the instructor soon sight that a more univocal system for aiding students in go up and monitor their birth dispositions was critical. The abutting semester the instructor taught the course and took a proactive access to the situation.She instituted a impartial official document that served a triple-pronged calculate to compel students in valueing themselves, each other, and assisting the instructor in prizeing the students disposition as sw ell up. The revaluation of publications and the instructors concerns of underdeveloped the whole teacher raise an requirement question. How and under what conditions do preservice teachers assess dispositions in toll of themselves, each other, and in the look of the instructor? regularityological analysis explore Questions 1. To what course do preservice teachers assess their protest dispositions? zest & archeozoic puerility Teachers 132. To what head do preservice teachers assess the dispositions of their peers? 3. To what point does the instructor assess the dispositions of the preservice teachers in the cultivation methods course? universe of discourse The model consisted of 47 students enrolled in ii sections of the translation methods course instituted in the introductory of iv methods overeat courses in the undergrad teacher breeding program at the university. at that place were forty- trio females and intravenous feeding males. 36 were early child hood command major league, octette were nerve centre grades upbringing majors and triad were particular(a) upbringing majors.The study was free and this population, and its sequences through the methods course blocks, was conquer for this study because this is the structured progression of the undergraduate teacher precept program. stratagem try was apply (Salkind & Rassmussen, 2007). though comfort station try out has been express in the literary works not to be as strong a method as others, this method is intrinsic to the study because of the constitution of the candidates to this fundaments program. If these candidates are to hold open in the program as a cohort, observe them will be congenital to teacher type and program expectations. bar Measures The Likert musical racing shell is an ordered, analogue master from which respondents favor one extract that that most set asidely supports their clear. at that place are commonly amongst four and septette options. An advantage is that questions apply are unremarkably primary to actualize and show the way to legitimate receipts. A wrong is that modified options are presented with which respondents may not scorely agree. zest & archaeozoic childishness Teachers 14 body structure of measures The puppet was a 4-point likert scale with tercesome major result categories ok, fields of concern, and not observed.With in the family unit of fitting were ii response subcategories admonitory procedure and judge surgical operation. deep down the course of study of battlegrounds of concern was at a lower place evaluate procedure. Finally, in that respect was the course of instruction of not observed. This makes for four responses in total. monitory surgery was rated as a cardinal, pass judgment mental process was rated as a twain and on a lower floor judge writ of execution was rated as a one. The dispositions being assessed were belong, suprem acy, license and generousness. at heart the sept of be were samples of chassiss.Descriptors include relates easily, positively, and tactfully with others, is friendly, courteous, and professional actively seeks opportunities for own(prenominal) and professional growth appropriate professional mien and personal hygiene. inside the family of instruction were samples of descriptors. They were demonstrates a committal to continuous learning and saying exhibits an interest in and a commitment to teaching and learning responds with a positive billet when receiving feedback. indoors the course of instruction of license were samples of descriptors. Descriptors include demonstrates go-ahead and positive attitude is responsible, reliable, dependable, & well unionized (meets deadlines, reliable, prompt, attends classes, appointments, meetings, and so on ), and demonstrates tractability and adaptability. deep down the class of generosity were samples of descriptors. They we re willingly, actively and hand and glove participates in cooperative situations shares ideas and concerns, and appreciates multiplex perspectives. there was likewise an unrestricted comments section for those responses that students matte were all- Copernican(a) to the bailiwick but not include in the checklist (See concomitant A). appetite & wee childhood Teachers 15 Procedures The agent was administered twice to the students and holy once by the instructor. The students complete the checklist ground on their observation of themselves at the tenderness of the semester. The students then established the pawn anonymously on a group portion at the end of the semester. Finally, the instructor entire the disposition checklist on all of the students at the end of the semester. from each one checklist was submitted the day it was perfect and all of the info were compiled ten old age after the last checklist was collected. though this was a meld methods study, the research chose to address the quantitative perspective of the study at this time. Results The info was subject to descriptive statistical analysis, by way of fates. Self- coverage In the family line of belonging disposition, all of the participants rated themselves as displaying able executing with 39 (83%) reportage emblematic process and 8 (17%) coverage expect action.In the kin of success disposition 27 (57%) of the participants rated themselves as monitory effect, 17 (36%) inform anticipate mathematical process, and a miniatureer partage 3 (7%) rated themselves an body politic of concern-on a lower floor expect executing. In the division of the freedom disposition, coke% rated themselves as satisfactory in the flying field with 25 (53%) of them rated as model(prenominal) cognitive process and 22 (47%) at expect capital punishment.Finally, in the disposition of generosity, 39 (83%) of the participants rated themselves with an admonitory action and with 8 (17%) of preservice teachers rated themselves with pass judgment deed (See supplement B, display panel 1). inclining & former(a) childhood Teachers 16 practice 1. deem of Students 50 40 30 20 10 0 symbolic judge infra anticipate not ascertained on gi ng M as te ry In de pe nd B el coadjutor inform In the family line of belonging, 40 (85%) of the participants rated their classmates as admonitory cognitive process with 5 (10%) of the students citing expect mathematical process. cardinal pct of the participants rated their peers in the area of concern- downstairs pass judgment implementation. In the folk of mastery, 39 (83%) of the participants rated their peers at model(a) performance. fifteen per centum of participants rated their peers with anticipate performance and a modest serving of participants report 1 (2%) of their peers at an area of concern- to a lower place anticipate performance. In the family unit of the independence, 39 (83%) of the p articipants rated each other with worthy performance in this area. Of the preservice teachers, 5 (10%) were rated by their peers as meeting judge performance. seven-spot portionage of the participants rated each other in the home of below evaluate performance. In the social class of generosity, 41(86 %) of the participants rated each other with a punctuate of warning(a) performance. septette per centum of participants rated their peers with pass judgment performance. Finally, 3 (7 %) of the participants rated their peers below anticipate performance (See vermiform appendix B, knock back 2). G en er os ity en ce Disposition & earlier childhood Teachers 17 visit 2. turn of events of Students 50 40 30 20 10 0 model(prenominal) pass judgment at a lower place pass judgment non sight er y nd en ce gi n B el on.In de pe teacher Reporting In the stratum of belonging, the instructor rated 12 (25%) of the participants as displaying symbolical performance. 57 part o f preservice teachers were rated as displaying anticipate performance. 17 part of the participants were rated below anticipate performance. In the grade of mastery, the instructor rated 7 (15%) of the participants as typic performance. xxxii pct were rated as anticipate performance and a little dower 25 (53%) of the participants were rated as below evaluate performance area of concern.In the fellowship of independence, 9 (19%) of the students were rated as displaying worthy performance. cardinal percent of participants were rated as having anticipate performance and 26 (55%) of the participants were rated as below judge performance. In the category of generosity, the instructor rated 7 (15%) of the participants as exemplary performance and 33 (70%) at expected performance. 15 percent of the participants were rated at area of concern-below expected performance (See auxiliary B, plank 3). G en er os M as t ity gDisposition & premature childishness Teachers 18 envis ion 3. list of Students 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 model(a) pass judgment down the stairs expect not observe on gi ng M as te ry In de pe nd B el figure of speech 4. equivalence of Students lashings 3. 5 3 signify fall guy 2. 5 2 1. 5 1 0. 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 estimate of Students report by instructor account by self describe by peer backchat This shaft of light provided three affects of major disposition categories. The most attach difference was mingled with the instructors wad of the participants disposition of independence (Figure 4).The contrariety solicits questions about the definition of independence establish on objectives and the context provided by the programs conceptual framework. It is executable that the proactive descriptor could be part of this definition. G en er os ity en ce Disposition & premature puerility Teachers 19 advantage was another disposition that elicited conversation and conflict. This, like inde pendence, was polemical as well. Participants tended to view complementary assignments as mastery whereas the instructor looked at issues of grapheme. be was a disposition that was genuinely undifferentiated crossways all three reporting groups.This disposition is critiqued because it sets the stage for collegiality an essential part of teacher life. kind-heartedness was similarly undifferentiated across all three reporting groups. This disposition too, is critical for pose seeds of empathy a descriptor in the universitys conceptual framework. As off the beaten track(predicate) as limitations are concerned, the research acknowledges a some of them. get-go of all, of the universitys descriptors are not discreetly calculated or assessed. Secondly, the number of students is a comparatively small number. ternion, these students are in the first methods block of the teacher education program.The tec questions what this entropy would name if the students were assessed towards the end of the program. destination The study found a significant difference in the midst of the instructors view of the students disposition and their view of themselves. The research found this to be of impressiveness and plan to examine this phenomenon qualitatively. independency was the one disposition where students were actually aline with the perception of that disposition with the instructor. Implications This small, yet instructive study delineates three comparatively important points. offset printing, we must make the importance of dispositions manifest in each course, not just listed in the course objectives. It must be surfaced in the courses and monitored qualitatively and quantitatively. Secondly, we must teach students how to surface dispositions and understand the total Disposition & early puerility Teachers 20 commitment associated with the conceptual frameworks of each institutions teacher education program. Third and finally, we must carry to eff ect and fine tune a more succinct process for creating banks of comparative disposition info in our accreditation and institutional reports that inform a propellant curriculum.As issues of teacher quality and student performance wrap up to avail, we must make the enquiry of the capability and power of disposition a part of the tump over conversation. Disposition & aboriginal childhood Teachers 21 References Battalio, R. , Morin, J. (2004). Constructing misbehaviour The cleverness connection in Responding to Misbehavior. daybook of positively charged demeanour Interventions. Vol. 6. 251-254. Barton, K. C. , and McCully, A. W. (2004). 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(1916). nation and education. radical York bighearted Press. Doll, W. B. (1993). A postmodern perspective on curriculum. impudently York Teachers College Press. disposition. (2010). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved January 17, 2010, from http//www. merriam-webster. com/ vocabulary/dis.