Aphasiology: Disorders and clinical practice Essay

Acquired AphasiaIntroductionAbstract             The motif describes aphasia in details and overly the ch wholeenges that be confront by the individuals who suffer from aphasia. The paper a desire describes ab start the decision get downr surgical mathematical operation and what it think including the relationship in the midst of productivity out pay offs and decision maker dies. The paper in like manner highlights the take exceptions that aphasia affected roles face in their day to day lives. For instance, how these individuals handle their mundane projections. The paper shows that these patients face a readiness of ch every(prenominal)enges including favouritism since they be misunderstood by m whatever good deal. Also this paper shows how these patients potty undergo therapy intercession as a way of ameliorate their oral conference and similarly to be educated on how to dole out and interact with recognise pile who do not put one across aphasia. Finally the paper describes the implications of this therapy intercession on aphasia patients.            Aphasia refers to comprehension hinderance and spoken spoken communication production which is ordinarily take by damage in wording constituent thinker hemisphere. Aphasia is a family of dis coordinates involving varying baulk degrees in four primitive beastalk verbiage comprehensionSpoken style expressionReading comprehension, and compose expression            An individual who choose aphasia commonly arrest comparatively nonlinguistic cognitive skills which is intact like decision maker and retrospection give-up the ghost skills yet though these and other cognitive discrepancies whitethorn co-occur in concert with aphasia. Sensory deficits like visual and auditive agnosia and visual field deficits whitethorn to a fault be prese nt (Bhagal et al, 2003).            The mastermind of aphasia is challenge to predict due to the wide symptoms vari dexterity. Aphasia result varies extensively from individual to individual depending on the brain insult severity and the lesion location. The indication of the long- term recuperation which is easily certain is initial aphasia severity together with lesion size of it and site. Other factors which are commonly considered concerning vista consist of the individuals reading level, gender, age among other comorbidities (Retrieved from http//www.aphasia.com/about-aphasia/who-gets-aphasia). When scrutinized properly, barely, these factors appear to be weak predictors of the degree of recovery. estimate of aphasia is goal-oriented, unionised appraisal of the variety of pragmatic, linguistic and cognitive components of language. Executive aim refers to the abilities and skills which enables individuals to achieve activ ities which are goal-directed. Prior to a pass psychic trauma or traumatic brain, these abilities slew be adversely affected (Simmons et al, 2010).Executive mathematical run and completing a travail terminate a task involves approximately locomote as followsPlanning planning and/ or knowing the steps for a special occupationInitiation initiating an activityDoing the task Executing the plans and at the same clipping self regulating and self monitoring.Evaluating- checking the outcomes of your work. changing and improving- checking slipway of simplifying the task next measure and keeping away from whatever errors.            The to a higher place decision maker solves are used for all types of habitual tasks like obtain, laundry and cooking. In crop to complete a task an individual must initiate individually step, put in ball club, follow by and through and as this continues ad safeing and monitoring of follow through s should be done. almost individuals do these activities without planning or any theme. However, for a mortal who is suffering from a brain injury he or she whitethorn face a challenge while initiating the task in the initial place. Such individuals may not chip in a thought of expiration fare shopping and doing the washing even if their electric refrigerator is empty or there is a pile of laundry which is dirty, these clear cues may not initiate the thought process which makes them start a plan of action (Dickey et al, 2010).            People with acquired aphasia may start an activity however not have thought it through therefore they make errors. A guileless-minded illustration would be going for shopping however forgets rangeing a shopping list or wallet. Although this can also happen to any individual however it occurs more(prenominal) frequently if an individual have a brain injury. Individuals with acquired aphasia may not learn from past errors and they end up repeating similar mistakes over and over again while they try accomplishing a task (Mesulam, 2001).            An individual with aphasia usually neglect insight into their own capabilities to execute tasks, even in a case where individuals make suggestions which are positive. Treatment and refilling usually involves executing systems and strategies to assist individuals with executive scating difficultiesDaily organizers and plannersHome information optic which let ins calendars, notice boards etc.Reserve period each day purposed for planning physical exertion a Dictaphone and eonrs for remindersUsing step by step checklistsExecutive functions and regulating thinking and behavior            Another purpose of executive functions is that they assist individuals to control their behavior to react and act properly. Problems with self regulation ca n result to communicatoryizations and impulsive behavior and may happen in numerous waysUttering inappropriate statements or remarksDominating the conferenceBeing rudeBeing uneffective to stay on topic endlessly talking about a peculiar(prenominal) subject            With an tending of a duly qualified language and wrangle healer some(a) bulk with aphasia can be trained on picking up on a listeners facial expressions or reactions thus realizing when they are making error in their intercourse. convalescence from aphasia may evince re-learning what facial expressions and accessible conventions signify, however it may imply just re-learning how to react appropriately to special facial expression for instance, if a certain person say something and his or her colloquy married person seems to be shocked this may imply that the person have spoken a wrong thing (Hurkmans et al, 2012). operable communication and executive function in aphasia            Functional communication refers to the efficiency of receiving and conveying a message, in spite of the mode, to converse fortunately and independently in a particular environment. Broca and wernicke perceived language to be antithetic from cognition where they argued that patients who have aphasia are cognitively integral however they deficits in their language. On the other hand, recent studies shows that cognitive impairments like wariness, working memory and sequencing are have by individuals who have aphasia. resultants illustrates that diminished executive function capability may be linked to declined useful communication capability in individuals with aphasia. The executive function usually depends in communication success (Cherney et al, 2011).            gibe to Davis et al (2004) operative communication and executive function ability are associated close in in dividuals with aphasia. delivery impairment may not correlate always with real like communication capability. Thus, executive function may be an apotheosis running(a) communication ability indicator (Davis, 2004).            In a case where there is impairment of Executive function in aphasia patients, this may be due to the fact that functional communication capability is more afflicted than what is indicated by severity of language impairments.            affinity in the midst of executive functions and productivity outcomes avocation throw, disability and replenishment            This need shows the read of quantifying executive functions thoroughly in order to direct cognitive rehabilitation interventions as a result of a cerebrovascular accident. This is distinguishable from carrying out a cognitive binding incorporating merely one or two p holds of executive functions.            Additionally, the commenceings show that more complete evaluation of executive functions may be acceptable for younger people that have suffered from barb. The evaluation exit establish their ability to return to productive tasks which include cut off rehabilitation and employment to deliver aid to take consequently.            Future research is suggested in order to study efficacy of memory accesses which pronounce the interactive and separate influence of inherent executive functions and cognitive processes. In addition, methodical assessment of rehabilitation practice sessions to help heed of individuals of executive dysfunction in everydays aliveness is recommended.            Relations mingled with semantic touch on, short-term memory deficits and executive function   &nb sp        Allen et al (2012) shows that semantic bear upon capabilities, semantic short-term memory deficits are highly related to general or specialized executive function deficits. A research was conducted involving a total of 20 patients with short-term memory deficits and aphasia were evaluated on fanny of semantic processing, short -term retention and both simple and rigid executive function activities. The study found no evidence that semantic immediate memory deficits result due to deficits in executive function (Brady et al, 2012).            Executive function tasks performance was found to relate with some semantic processing tasks performance proposed that a relational combination function may bring about performance on both sorts of tasks. Correlation between some executive function activities and phonological STM was cognize where phonological rehearsal and memory play great region in executiv e function activities with verbal element (Engelter et al, 2006).            clinical repercussions for the elucidation of the executive function role in language-processing activities and the achievable contri saveions of executive function deficits and STM in give-and-take regimes.            Executive function capabilities depend on central cognitive resources.Relational integration- role in discourse            EF role in handling of language deficits depends on sight of language which is being treated.            Found no relation between performance and semantic STM on complex and simple executive function activities (Pedersenet al, 1995). Instead they realized that executive function tasks and phonological STM were related in activities that had a verbal element recommends that performance in several (prenominal) executive function activities depends on rehearsing or maintaining phonological codes. Although semantic STM was misrelated to executive function capability, semantic processing tasks performance was connected to the executive function (Moxley, 2002).            After the completion assessment stage, a plan for treatment is obtained from the outcomes of the assessments. Clinician must assess the form of treatment climb they result utilize. It has been investigated that early intervention is more ideal compared to late intervention. The basic goal in aphasia treatment is to improve functional communication so as to participate in tasks of daily living. The main goal of the patient is to recuperate enough language to carry on with their lifespan normally as possible (Faroqui-Shah et al, 2010).Treatment of executive function and language            Impairment based set out &nbs p          This approach uses cognitive processing to find out the processes and components which have been fractioned as a result of brain damage. The approach also uses normal cognitive processing models to come up with the processes and components, which are damaged. Treatment is unconquerable on basis of these outcomes. The approach argues that brain has ability of reorganizing and that re giving medication is shaped straight by the environment. in that location is a science that language and executive function will return as a successful treatment product (Teasell et al, 2011).Consequence advance            It is also known as social, functional, psychological, life federation approach. This approach targets the outcomes of life participation impairment and creates treatment goals on basis of these impairments. A therapist who uses consequence approach should comprehend fully the limitations a phasia has on the life of an individual. The consequences approach influences values and principles which are separate it from impairment based approach (Hier et al, 1994).            There is growing stick out for the notion that executive/attention function skills in people with aphasia are remediable. Moreover, there is a large relationship between functional communication and executive/attention function in individuals with aphasia. The outcomes recommend that treatment of executive/attention function in aphasia may impart to measurable variations in these skills and in the conversation communication success.ReferencesBhogal, S. K., Teasell, R., & antiophthalmic factorere Speechley, M. (2003). inspiration of aphasia therapy, touch on on recovery. blastoff, 34, 987-993.Brady, M. C., Kelly, H., Godwin, J, & vitamin A Enderby, P. (2012). Speech and language therapy for aphasia following blow. Cochrane Database of dictatorial Revi ews, 5, CD000425.Cherney, L., Patterson, J., & axerophthol Raymer, A. (2011). persuasiveness of aphasia therapy Evidence and efficacy. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 11, 560-569.Cherney, L., Patterson, J., Raymer, A., Frymark, T., & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Schooling, T. (2010). Updated evidence-based dictatorial look into Effects of vehemence of treatment and constraint- bring forth language therapy for individuals with dead reckoning-induced aphasia. ASHAs matter Center for Evidence-Based institutionalise in dialogue Disorders. Rockville, MD American Speech-Language-Hearing standoff. civil Rights roleplay of 1964 7, 42 U.S.C. 2000e et seq (1964).Davis, G. A. (2007). Aphasiology Disorders and clinical practice (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA Allyn & adenosine monophosphate Bacon.Dickey, L., Kagan, A., Lindsay, M. P., Fang, J., Rowland, A., & Black, S. (2010). incidence and indite of inpatient chance event-induced aphasia in Ontario, Canada. pull in of strong-arm care for and replenishment, 91, 196-202.Engelter, S. T., Gostynski, M., Papa, S., Maya, F., Claudia, B., Vladeta, A.G., Phillipe, A. L. (2006). Epidemiology of aphasia attributable to archetypical ischaemic stroke Incidence, severity, fluency, etiology, and thrombolysis. cam stroke, 37, 1379-1384Faroqui-Shah, Y., Frymark, T., Mullen, R., & Wang, B. (2010). Effect of treatment for bilingualistist individuals with aphasia A arrogant reappraisal of the evidence. diary of Neurolinguistics, 23(4), 319-341.Framework for Outcome meter (FROM). Aphasia Institute. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. OR Kagan, A., Simmons-Mackie, N., Rowland, A., Huijbregts, M., Shumway, E., McEwen, S., & Sharp, S. (2008). determine what counts A framework for capturing real-life outcomes of aphasia intervention. Aphasiaology, 22(3), 259-280.Hier, D. B., Yoon, W. B., Mohr, J. P. & Price, T. R. (1994). Gender and aphasia in the stroke bank.Brain and Language, 47 , 155-167.Hurkmans, J ., de Bruijn, M., Boonstra, A., Jonkers, R., Bastiaanse, R., Arendzen, H., & Reinders-Messelink, H. (2012). Music in the treatment of neurologic language and talk disorders A systematic analyse. Aphasiology, 26, 1-19.Intercollegiate separatrix Working Party. (2008). field of study clinical learnlines for stroke (3rd ed.). London, linked demesne magnificent College of Physicians.Limited side of meat improvement A Federal Interagency Website (2013). Available from www.lep.govLingraphica (n.d.). Who gets aphasia? Retrieved from http//www.aphasia.com/about-aphasia/who-gets-aphasiaMoxley, A. (2002, November 05). wanton your assign count Igniting change through research. The ASHA Leader.Murray, L. L., & Chapey, R. (2001). Assessment of language disorders in adults. In R. Chapey (Ed.), Language intervention strategies in aphasia and related neurogenic communication disorders (pp. 55-126). Philadelphia, PA Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.Mesulam, M. (2001). chief(a) p rogressive aphasia. narrative of Neurology, 49, 425-432. case Aphasia Association (2011). www.aphasia.org subject area Institute of neurologic Disorders and Stroke. (n.d.). NINDS aphasia information page. Retrieved from http//www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/aphasia/aphasia.htmNational Stroke Association. (2008). http//www.stroke.orgNational Stroke al-Qaeda (2010). clinical guidelines for stabbing stroke steering 2010. Melbourne, Australia Author.Stroke rear end of impertinently Zealand and impudently Zealand Guidelines Group (2010). unfermented Zealand clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management 2010.Wellington, New Zealand Stroke first appearance of New Zealand.Pedersen, P. M., Jorgensen, H. S., Raaschou, H. O., & Olsen, T. S. (1995). Aphasia in acute stroke Incidence, determinants, and recovery. Annals of Neurology, 38, 659-666.Plowman, E., Hentz, B., & Ellis, C. (2012). Post-stroke aphasia forecast A review of patient-related and stroke-related factors. Journal of val uation in Clinical Practice, 18, 689-694.Rogers, M. (2004). Aphasia, primordial progressive. In R. D. Kent (Ed.), The MIT encyclopedia of communication disorders (pp. 245-249). Cambridge, MA MIT Press.Taylor-Goh, S. (Ed.) (2005). Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists Clinical Guidelines 5.12 Aphasia. Bicester, United Kingdom Speechmark.Simmons-Mackie, N., & Kagan, A. (2007). covering of the ICF in aphasia. Seminars in Speech and Language, 28, 244-253.Simmons-Mackie, N., Raymer, A., Armstrong, E., Holland, A., & Cherney, L. R. (2010). communication furnish training in aphasia A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and reclamation, 91, 1814-1837.Catalan Agency for health engineering science Assessment and Research (2007). Stroke Clinical practice guideline (2nd ed.). Barcelona, Spain Author.Teasell, R. W., Foley, N. C., & Salter, K. (2011). Evidence-based review of stroke rehabilitation (14th ed.). Retrieved from www.ebrsr.comManagement of Stroke Rehabilitation Working Group (2010). VA/DOD clinical practice guideline for the attention of stroke rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 47(9), 1-43.World Health Organization. (2001). world(prenominal) sort of functioning, disability and health. Geneva, Switzerland Author.Bhogal, S. K., Teasell, R., & Speechley, M. (2003). Intensity of aphasia therapy, furbish up on recovery. Stroke, 34, 987-993.The entertain reveals the significance of therapy. deep therapy over a short time frame can improve outcomes of language and dialect therapy for stroke patients suffering with aphasia.Brady, M. C., Kelly, H., Godwin, J, & Enderby, P. (2012). Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD000425.The keep back shows the evidence of appropriateness of SLT speech and language therapy to patients suffering from aphasia due to stroke in regard to improvement functional communication, expressive a nd receptive language.Cherney, L., Patterson, J., & Raymer, A. (2011). Intensity of aphasia therapy Evidence and efficacy. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 11, 560-569.The adjudge emphasizes the need of determining the military strength of treatment for any treatment program for aphasia. The intensity may vary depending on the specific stimuli, type of intervention and response indispensable by the patient.Cherney, L., Patterson, J., Raymer, A., Frymark, T., & Schooling, T. (2010). Updated evidence-based systematic review Effects of intensity of treatment and constraint-induced language therapy for individuals with stroke-induced aphasia. ASHAs National Center for Evidence-Based Practice in Communication Disorders. Rockville, MD American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.The keep develops the impact of intensity and constraint-induced language treatment to patients with aphasia induced by stroke.Civil Rights Act of 1964 7, 42 U.S.C. 2000e et seq (1964).The act outlines how people with disorders should not be discriminated against. The law prevents applicants and employees from discrimination in all terms, privileges and conditions of employment.Davis, G. A. (2007). Aphasiology Disorders and clinical practice (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA Allyn & Bacon.The watchword outlines the fundamental principles and approaches for assessment of six neurologically based disorders. all(prenominal) disorder reveals different order of divine revelation signs of communicative behaviors. The view as of account emphasizes the need of placing the needs according to hierarchy in order to bring down the appropriate treatment.Dickey, L., Kagan, A., Lindsay, M. P., Fang, J., Rowland, A., & Black, S. (2010). Incidence and profile of inpatient stroke-induced aphasia in Ontario, Canada. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 196-202.The book explains the factors that delimit the incidents of stroke-induced aphasia. The book also high lights the clinical and demographic features for stroke patients with or without this disorder.Engelter, S. T., Gostynski, M., Papa, S., Maya, F., Claudia, B., Vladeta, A.G., Phillipe, A. L. (2006). Epidemiology of aphasia attributable to first ischemic stroke Incidence, severity, fluency, etiology, and thrombolysis. Stroke, 37, 1379-1384The book explains the relationship between aphasia and first ischemic stroke. Cardioembolism and mod age showed a positive relationship, where they have a great risk for this condition. suaveness and severity of aphasia were not influenced by demographic variable.Faroqui-Shah, Y., Frymark, T., Mullen, R., & Wang, B. (2010). Effect of treatment for bilingual individuals with aphasia A systematic review of the evidence. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23(4), 319-341.The book is about managing of stroke induced aphasia in a cultural assorted world. There is an increased likelihood of bilingual patients due to the cultural alteration.Framework for Outcome Measurement (FROM). Aphasia Institute. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. OR Kagan, A., Simmons-Mackie, N., Rowland, A., Huijbregts, M., Shumway, E., McEwen, S., & Sharp, S. (2008). Counting what counts A framework for capturing real-life outcomes of aphasia intervention. Aphasiaology, 22(3), 259-280.The book reveals the incidents of distinguishing of stroke-induced aphasia. The book explains how stroke patients are more fictile to this disorder.Hier, D. B., Yoon, W. B., Mohr, J. P. & Price, T. R. (1994). Gender and aphasia in the stroke bank.The book is about the relationship between gender and stroke-induced aphasia. Aphasia incidence is high in females than in males especially to women with infarcts.Brain and Language, 47 , 155-167.The book explains the coordination between brain and language. The book reveals how organization of brain is vital for language.Hurkmans, J., de Bruijn, M., Boonstra, A., Jonkers, R., Bastiaanse, R., Arendzen, H., & Reinders-Messelink, H. (20 12). Music in the treatment of neurological language and speech disorders A systematic review. Aphasiology, 26, 1-19.The book explains the significance of music therapy in rehabilitation of speech disorders. Music is a common treatment of apraxia and aphasia of speech. Music usually stimulate brain functions associated to speech.Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. (2008). National clinical guidelines for stroke (3rd ed.). London, United Kingdom Royal College of Physicians.The book highlights the guidelines which clearly tolerate the necessary counselling skills for stroke patients. The guide contains the passs for language and speech therapy.Limited English Proficiency A Federal Interagency Website (2013). Available from www.lep.govLEP. gov encourages a conjunct and positive substantiateing of the significance of language access to federal officially assisted and federal conducted programs.Lingraphica (n.d.). Who gets aphasia? Retrieved from http//www.aphasia.com/about-aphas ia/who-gets-aphasiaThis site explains the factors that make people more prevalent to aphasia. The most common arrive at is stroke while other symptoms include some neurological conditions, brain tumors, and head injuries. However, the disorder can occur to people of all age brackets, nationalities, races and genders.Moxley, A. (2002, November 05). Make your grant count Igniting change through research. The ASHA Leader.The article is about the report from an examination carried out between Spanish Latinos and English speakers. The English examination was administered to test their fluency.Murray, L. L., & Chapey, R. (2001). Assessment of language disorders in adults. In R. Chapey (Ed.), Language intervention strategies in aphasia and related neurogenic communication disorders (pp. 55-126). Philadelphia, PA Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.The book reveals that there is a relationship between stroke-induced aphasia and ageing. Old people suffering from stroke are more susceptible to the condition.Mesulam, M. (2001). Primary progressive aphasia. Annals of Neurology, 49, 425-432.The book situate primary progressive as a focal disorder characterized by stepwise and isolated disbanding of language function. The condition starts with anomia, restoration to impair of grammatical structure eventually difficulty in semantics.National Aphasia Association (2011). www.aphasia.orgIts is a non-profit organization that praises research, public teaching, support and rehabilitation services to aphasia patient and their families.National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (n.d.). NINDS aphasia information page. Retrieved from http//www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/aphasia/aphasia.htmClearly explains the causative effects of this disorder, the symptoms as rise up as the relationship between stroke and aphasia.National Stroke Association. (2008). http//www.stroke.orgIt is a non-profit organization that helps with research, education and services to the aphasia patients as well as their families.National Stroke Foundation (2010). Clinical guidelines for acute stroke management 2010. Melbourne, Australia Author.These guidelines explain the appropriate therapy for language and speech. They are guidelines to the clinicians for aristocratic identification of the aphasia stage in order to prescribe appropriate treatment.Stroke Foundation of New Zealand and New Zealand Guidelines Group (2010). New Zealand Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management 2010.Wellington, New Zealand Stroke Foundation of New Zealand.The meshwork aims at enhancing the implementation of appropriate treatment in stoke care all over New Zealand by improving the expertise of stroke physicians as well as maximizing their effectuality.Pedersen, P. M., Jorgensen, H. S., Raaschou, H. O., & Olsen, T. S. (1995). Aphasia in acute stroke Incidence, determinants, and recovery. Annals of Neurology, 38, 659-666.The book explains the causes, determining factors and recovery methods of aphasia. Stroke is the study contributing factor.Plowman, E., Hentz, B., & Ellis, C. (2012). Post-stroke aphasia prognosis A review of patient-related and stroke-related factors. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 18, 689-694.The book recommends the recovery procedure for people suffering from post-stroke aphasia. Predictive factors are challenging due to their constant variant making prognosis of aphasia recuperation troublesome.Rogers, M. (2004). Aphasia, primary progressive. In R. D. Kent (Ed.), The MIT encyclopedia of communication disorders (pp. 245-249). Cambridge, MA MIT Press.The book highlights the progressive stages starting with initial to the aphasia stage. It clearly explains aphasia as a communication disorder.Taylor-Goh, S. (Ed.) (2005). Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists Clinical Guidelines 5.12 Aphasia. Bicester, United Kingdom Speechmark.These guidelines provide the recommendation for the appropriate care attention to the aphasia pati ents. The guide explains suitable therapy for speech and language.Simmons-Mackie, N., & Kagan, A. (2007). Application of the ICF in aphasia. Seminars in Speech and Language, 28, 244-253.This approach is used as a rehabilitation method to the people suffering from aphasia. It explains its effectiveness and how to understand the patient response by and by application of this method.Simmons-Mackie, N., Raymer, A., Armstrong, E., Holland, A., & Cherney, L. R. (2010). Communication partner training in aphasia A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 1814-1837.The book clearly outline different approaches towards aphasia recovery and treatment. The clinicians should be well endowed with expertise to treat this disorder.Catalan Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Research (2007). Stroke Clinical practice guideline (2nd ed.). Barcelona, Spain Author.These guidelines provide the recommendation for appropriate treatment for aphasia. The guide a lso provide the necessary therapy for speech and language.Teasell, R. W., Foley, N. C., & Salter, K. (2011). Evidence-based review of stroke rehabilitation (14th ed.). Retrieved from www.ebrsr.comHighlights different methods of dealing with this disorder. It poses difficult to prescribe appropriate treatment due to discrepancy of this condition, thus doctors are required to understand different methods of treatment.Management of Stroke Rehabilitation Working Group (2010). VA/DOD clinical practice guideline for the management of stroke rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 47(9), 1-43.There should be good management of people suffering from aphasia. Cultural diversity is one of the challenges. People should not be discriminated against due to condition, race, religion or any other factor.World Health Organization. (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health. Geneva, Switzerland Author.This is a non-profit organization t hat fights for the rights of people with disabilities. It not only provide support in terms of funding, but also in educating and advising affected people. reference book document